Tuesday, February 24, 2026

eSkills – Grade 3 (Second Edition) book with full, simple notes lyceum international gateway college ICT Computer Science Notes study guide PDF | Chapter 1: My Devices

๐Ÿ“˜ Chapter 1: My Devices

1.1 Store

Storing means saving information to use later.

Devices used to store:

  • ๐Ÿ’ป Computer / Laptop

  • ๐Ÿ“ฑ Tablet

  • ๐Ÿ’พ USB flash drive

  • ๐Ÿ’ฟ External hard drive

What can we store?

  • Photos

  • Videos

  • Homework

  • Music


1.2 Print

Printing means putting computer work onto paper.

Device used: ๐Ÿ–จ Printer

What can be printed?

  • Assignments

  • Pictures

  • Letters

  • Certificates


1.3 Capture

Capture means recording or taking something.

Devices:

  • ๐Ÿ“ท Camera (photos)

  • ๐Ÿ“น Video camera (videos)

  • ๐ŸŽค Microphone (sound)

  • ๐Ÿ“ฑ Smartphone


1.4 Interact

Interact means communicating with the computer.

Input Devices (we give information)

  • ⌨ Keyboard

  • ๐Ÿ–ฑ Mouse

  • ๐ŸŽค Microphone

  • Touchscreen

Output Devices (computer gives results)

  • ๐Ÿ–ฅ Monitor

  • ๐Ÿ”Š Speakers

  • ๐Ÿ–จ Printer


๐Ÿ“˜ Chapter 2: My Files

2.1 What is a File?

A file is saved information on a computer.

Examples:

  • Document file (.docx)

  • Picture file (.jpg)

  • Music file (.mp3)

  • Video file (.mp4)

Every file has:

  • Name

  • Type


2.2 Organize My Folders

A folder keeps files organized.

๐Ÿ“ Folder = School bag
๐Ÿ“„ Files = Books inside

Why organize?

  • Easy to find

  • Save time

  • Keep computer neat


2.3 Search and Find

Use the search bar to find files.

Steps:

  1. Click search

  2. Type name

  3. Press Enter

  4. Open file


2.4 Start a Program

A program/app helps us do tasks.

Examples:

  • Word processor

  • Paint

  • Browser

Steps:

  1. Click Start

  2. Choose program

  3. Click to open


๐Ÿ“˜ Chapter 3: My First Article

3.1 Work with Text

Text means typed words.

Use:

  • Letters & numbers

  • Spacebar

  • Enter key

  • Backspace


3.2 Give a Title

A title tells the topic.

Tips:

  • Make it bigger

  • Bold it

  • Keep at top


3.3 Make a List

Lists organize ideas.

Types:

  • Bullet list

  • Number list

Example:

  • Pencil

  • Book

  • Bag


3.4 Check and Save

✔ Check spelling
✔ Check punctuation

To save:

  1. Click File

  2. Click Save

  3. Choose folder

  4. Name file

  5. Click Save


๐Ÿ“˜ Chapter 4: My Wired World

4.1 Search for Anything

The internet helps us find information.

Use a search engine to:

  • Find pictures

  • Get information

  • Watch videos

Always type clear keywords.


4.2 Knowledge Treasure Sites

Educational websites help learning.

Examples:

  • Online dictionaries

  • Kids learning websites

  • Educational videos

Use safe and trusted websites only.


4.3 Be Polite

Follow netiquette (internet manners).

✔ Be respectful
✔ Use kind words
✔ Do not type in ALL CAPS
✔ Do not bully others


4.4 Safety Online

Stay safe online:

๐Ÿ”’ Do not share:

  • Passwords

  • Home address

  • Phone number

✔ Use strong passwords
✔ Tell parents/teachers if something is wrong


๐Ÿ“˜ Chapter 5: My First Presentation

5.1 All About Slides

A presentation is made using slides.

Each slide can have:

  • Title

  • Text

  • Pictures

Keep slides simple and neat.


5.2 Insert Text

To add text:

  1. Click text box

  2. Type your words

  3. Change size or color if needed

Keep text short and clear.


5.3 Insert Pictures

Steps:

  1. Click Insert

  2. Choose Picture

  3. Select image

  4. Click Insert

Pictures make slides interesting.


5.4 Presenting is Cool

Tips for presenting:

  • Stand straight

  • Speak clearly

  • Look at audience

  • Do not read everything

  • Smile ๐Ÿ˜Š

Practice before presenting!


✅ FINAL QUICK REVISION

ChapterMain Topic
1Devices (store, print, capture, interact)
2Files and folders
3Writing and saving articles
4Internet and online safety
5Creating presentations


๐Ÿ“˜ Chapter 1: My Devices

(Explained for Grade 3)

Computers and other digital devices help us do many things.
They can store, print, capture, and help us interact.

Let’s learn each one clearly ๐Ÿ‘‡


1️⃣ Store (Saving Things)

What does “store” mean?

To store means to save something so we can use it later.

๐Ÿ‘‰ Just like you keep your toys in a box.
๐Ÿ‘‰ Or you keep your books in your school bag.

Computers also keep things safely.

Example:

  • When you type your homework and click Save, the computer stores it.

  • When you take a photo, it is stored in your phone.

Devices that store:

  • ๐Ÿ’ป Computer

  • ๐Ÿ“ฑ Tablet

  • ๐Ÿ’พ USB pen drive

Simple Example for Kids:

Ali writes a story in the computer.
He clicks Save.
Now the story is stored.
He can open it tomorrow again!


2️⃣ Print (Putting Work on Paper)

What does “print” mean?

To print means to take work from the computer and put it on paper.

๐Ÿ‘‰ Like taking a picture from inside the computer and making it come out on paper.

Device used:

๐Ÿ–จ Printer

Example:

  • You type homework → Print it → Give it to teacher.

  • You draw a picture in Paint → Print it → Show your parents.

Simple Story:

Sara made a birthday card on the computer.
She printed it using a printer.
Now she can give it to her friend!


3️⃣ Capture (Taking Photos or Recording)

What does “capture” mean?

To capture means to take or record something.

๐Ÿ‘‰ Like catching a happy moment!

Devices that capture:

  • ๐Ÿ“ท Camera (takes photos)

  • ๐Ÿ“น Video camera (records videos)

  • ๐ŸŽค Microphone (records voice)

  • ๐Ÿ“ฑ Smartphone

Examples:

  • Taking a photo at a school trip

  • Recording your singing

  • Making a video for a project

Simple Example:

Amir sings a song.
His mother records it using a phone.
The phone captures his voice.


4️⃣ Interact (Talking to the Computer)

What does “interact” mean?

To interact means to talk or work with the computer.

๐Ÿ‘‰ You give instructions.
๐Ÿ‘‰ The computer gives you answers.

It is like a conversation!


Input Devices (We give information)

These help us tell the computer what to do.

  • ⌨ Keyboard – to type

  • ๐Ÿ–ฑ Mouse – to click

  • ๐ŸŽค Microphone – to speak

  • Touchscreen – to touch

Example:

You type your name using the keyboard.
That is input.


Output Devices (Computer gives answers)

These show us what the computer did.

  • ๐Ÿ–ฅ Monitor – shows pictures and words

  • ๐Ÿ”Š Speakers – play sound

  • ๐Ÿ–จ Printer – prints on paper

Example:

You play a song.
The speakers make sound.
That is output.


๐ŸŒŸ Easy Way to Remember

WordMeaningEasy Example
StoreSave for laterSave homework
PrintPut on paperPrint project
CaptureTake photo/videoTake selfie
InteractWork with computerType and see result

๐ŸŽฏ Small Practice Questions (For Kids)

  1. What device do we use to print?

  2. What does “store” mean?

  3. Is a keyboard input or output?

  4. What device takes photos?


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Saturday, February 21, 2026

YouTube Marketing course Discover how to build your audience on the world's largest search engine Learn social media marketing with this comprehensive course. Discover how to create engaging content, build brand recognition, and boost sales.

The Ultimate Guide to YouTube Digital Marketing

From Beginner Setup to Advanced Viral Strategies + Monetization

YouTube is not just a video platform; it is the second largest search engine in the world (right behind Google). For digital marketers, mastering YouTube is the key to building a brand, selling products, and reaching millions of people.

This guide covers everything you need to know, from setting up your channel to advanced growth hacking techniques and proven ways to earn money.


Step 1: The Foundation (Beginner)

Before you upload your first video, you need to set the stage for success.

1. How to Name Your Channel

Your channel name is your brand. It should be:

  • Memorable: Easy to spell and pronounce.
  • Relevant: It should hint at what you do (e.g., "TechWithTom" or "Sarah's Kitchen").
  • Scalable: Don't limit yourself too much (e.g., "iPhone 14 Reviews" is bad because you can't review iPhone 15 later).

2. The Channel Description (About Section)

This is crucial for SEO (Search Engine Optimization). Don't just write "Welcome to my channel." Instead, write:

"On this channel, we explore [Your Niche] to help you [Benefit]. We upload new tutorials every [Day of Week]. Subscribe to learn how to [Goal]."

Pro Tip: Include keywords like "Digital Marketing," "Tutorial," or "Review" in your first two sentences.


Step 2: Understanding Content Types

YouTube has evolved. You need to understand the different formats available to you.

1. Normal Video (Long-Form)

What is it? Horizontal videos (16:9 ratio) usually longer than 2 minutes.

Best for: Deep tutorials, storytelling, building trust, and monetization (AdSense).

Strategy: Focus on Retention. If people watch your video all the way through, YouTube will promote it.

2. YouTube Shorts

What is it? Vertical videos (9:16 ratio) under 60 seconds.

Best for: Rapid growth, gaining subscribers, and reaching a new audience.

Strategy: The first 3 seconds are critical. You must hook the viewer immediately. Shorts have a separate algorithm from long videos.

3. YouTube Podcasts

What is it? Long-form audio/video discussions.

Best for: Authority building and interviews. YouTube now has a specific "Podcast" tab on channels.


Step 3: SEO & Organization

To get found, you need to speak YouTube's language.

Keywords vs. Tags

  • Keywords: These are the phrases people type into the search bar (e.g., "How to bake a cake"). You should put these in your Title and the first sentence of your Description.
  • Tags: These are hidden metadata. They help YouTube understand the context of your video. Use a mix of broad tags (e.g., "Marketing") and specific tags (e.g., "Email Marketing for Beginners").

The Power of Playlists

Never leave your videos unorganized. Group them into Playlists.

Why? When a viewer finishes one video in a playlist, the next one plays automatically. This increases your "Watch Time," which is the #1 metric for going viral.

Community Posts

Located in the "Community" tab, these are like Facebook or Instagram posts. You can post polls, images, or text updates here to keep your audience engaged on days you don't upload videos.


Step 4: Growth & Monetization (Advanced)

How to Make a Video Go Viral

Viral videos aren't accidents. They follow a formula:

  1. The Thumbnail: It must be clickable. Use high contrast, bright colors, and faces showing emotion.
  2. The Hook (0:00 - 0:30): Tell the viewer exactly what they will get. Don't waste time with long intro logos.
  3. Pattern Interrupts: Change the camera angle, add text, or show B-roll every 10-15 seconds to keep the brain engaged.
  4. CTR (Click Through Rate): If YouTube shows your video to 100 people and 10 click, you have a 10% CTR. Aim for high CTR + High Retention = Viral.

How to Promote Products

Do not just sell; provide value first.

  • Affiliate Marketing: Place links in the top 2 lines of your description. Say "Check the link below" during the video.
  • Product Integration: Show your product solving a problem in the video, rather than just talking about it.
  • Pinned Comment: Always pin a comment with your product link or call to action.

๐Ÿ’ฐ How to Earn Money Using YouTube (Complete Monetization Guide)

YouTube isn't just for fame—it's a powerful income generator. Here are 10 proven ways to earn money, from beginner-friendly to advanced strategies:

1. YouTube Partner Program (AdSense) ✅ Most Popular

What it is: Earn money from ads displayed on your videos.

Requirements:

  • 1,000 subscribers
  • 4,000 public watch hours in the last 12 months (OR 10M Shorts views in 90 days)
  • Follow all YouTube policies

Earnings: $1–$10 per 1,000 views (varies by niche, audience location, and ad type).

Pro Tip: Finance, tech, and business niches earn higher RPM (Revenue Per Mille).

2. Affiliate Marketing ✅ Beginner-Friendly

What it is: Promote other people's products and earn a commission for every sale.

How to start:

  1. Join affiliate programs (Amazon Associates, ShareASale, ClickBank, or brand-specific programs).
  2. Create honest review or tutorial videos featuring the product.
  3. Place your affiliate link in the video description and pinned comment.

Example: "This microphone changed my audio quality → [Your Affiliate Link]"

3. Sponsored Content & Brand Deals ✅ Advanced

What it is: Brands pay you to feature their product/service in your video.

How to attract sponsors:

  • Build a media kit (include subscriber count, average views, audience demographics).
  • Reach out to brands in your niche or join influencer platforms (AspireIQ, GrapeVine, FameBit).
  • Always disclose sponsored content (#ad or "Paid promotion").

Typical Rates: $10–$50 per 1,000 views (micro-influencers) up to $10,000+ for large channels.

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YouTube is a free traffic source for your business.

Ideas:

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Strategy: Create content that solves a problem → Offer your product as the solution in the video + description.

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Perks you can offer:

  • Members-only videos or live streams
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  • Behind-the-scenes content

Requirement: 30,000+ subscribers (or 1,000+ for gaming channels).

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Super Thanks: Viewers tip you on regular videos as a "thank you."

Best for: Q&A sessions, tutorials, community engagement.

Requirement: Must be in YouTube Partner Program.

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What it is: Display your official merch (t-shirts, mugs, hoodies) directly below your videos.

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  • Mention your Patreon in videos and descriptions.
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  • ✅ Enable monetization in YouTube Studio once eligible
  • ✅ Create a "Work With Me" page or media kit
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  • ✅ Engage with comments to build trust (trust = sales)

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Digital marketing on YouTube is a marathon, not a sprint. Consistency + Value + Strategy = Growth & Income.

Start with one monetization method, master it, then expand. Your future self will thank you.

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๐Ÿ”” Found this guide helpful?
Subscribe to our blog for more digital marketing tutorials, or share this post with a creator who needs it!

Tuesday, February 17, 2026

Mastering Karnaugh Maps (K-Maps) for GCE A/L K-Maps | AL ICT | Unit 4 | Boolean Logic and Digital Circuit | in Tamil | เฎคเฎฎிเฎดிเฎฒ் English Medium

Mastering Karnaugh Maps (K-Maps) for GCE A/L

Welcome! If you are finding Boolean Algebra confusing, K-Maps are your best friend. They turn complex algebra into a visual puzzle. Here is everything you need to know, step-by-step.

1. What is the Purpose?

The main purpose of a K-Map is to simplify Boolean equations. Instead of using long algebraic laws (like De Morgan's or Distributive laws), we use a visual grid to group terms together and eliminate variables.

2. Truth Tables vs. K-Maps

  • Normal Truth Tables (1D): These are lists. You read them from top to bottom. They show every possible input combination.
  • K-Maps (2D): These are grids (tables). We take that 1D list and "fold" it into a 2D shape. This allows us to see patterns (neighbors) that are hard to see in a list.

3. SOP vs. POS

There are two ways to write equations, and two ways to use K-Maps:

  • SOP (Sum of Products): You look for Minterms. In the K-Map, you place 1s and group the 1s.
  • POS (Product of Sums): You look for Maxterms. In the K-Map, you place 0s and group the 0s.

Note: For this guide, we will focus on SOP (Grouping 1s) as it is the most common method for beginners.

4. Grid Sizes (Dimensions)

The size of your K-Map depends on the number of variables (inputs). For 3 Variables (x, y, z):

Total combinations = $2^3 = 8$.

You can arrange these 8 cells in different 2D shapes:

  • 1 row × 8 columns (1x8)
  • 8 rows × 1 column (8x1)
  • 2 rows × 4 columns (2x4) (Most Common for 3 variables)
  • 4 rows × 2 columns (4x2)

5. The Secret Weapon: Gray Code

This is the most important rule in K-Maps. When labeling the rows and columns, you cannot use normal binary counting (00, 01, 10, 11). You must use Gray Code.

Rule: Between any two adjacent numbers, only one bit (value) changes.

Sequence for 2 bits: 00 → 01 → 11 → 10

  • 00 to 01: Only the right bit changed.
  • 01 to 11: Only the left bit changed.
  • 11 to 10: Only the right bit changed.

If you do not use Gray Code, your K-Map will not work!


6. Step-by-Step Example

Let's solve this function together:

F(x,y,z) = (x'y'z) + (x'yz) + (xy'z) + (xyz') + (xyz)

Step 1: Convert to Binary (Minterms)

Look at each term. If a variable has a bar (like x'), it is 0. If it has no bar (like x), it is 1.

  • x'y'z → 0 0 1 (Decimal 1)
  • x'yz → 0 1 1 (Decimal 3)
  • xy'z → 1 0 1 (Decimal 5)
  • xyz' → 1 1 0 (Decimal 6)
  • xyz → 1 1 1 (Decimal 7)

Step 2: Create the Truth Table

We list all 8 combinations (0 to 7). We put a 1 in the Output column if the number matches our list above (1, 3, 5, 6, 7). Otherwise, put a 0.

Decimal x y z Output (F) Note
00000
10011From x'y'z
20100
30111From x'yz
41000
51011From xy'z
61101From xyz'
71111From xyz

Step 3: Draw the K-Map Grid

We will use a 2 rows × 4 columns grid.

  • Rows (x): 0, 1
  • Columns (yz): 00, 01, 11, 10 (Remember Gray Code!)
x \ yz 00 01 11 10
0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 1

We placed 1s in cells 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 based on our Truth Table.

Step 4: Grouping (The Magic Step)

Rules for grouping:

  1. Groups must contain $2^n$ cells (1, 2, 4, 8, 16...).
  2. Groups must be rectangular or square.
  3. Try to make groups as large as possible.
  4. Every 1 must be inside at least one group.
  5. Groups can overlap.

Let's group our example:

  1. Group A (Red): Look at the middle two columns (01 and 11). We have four 1s forming a square (Cells 1, 3, 5, 7).
    Why? In this group, x changes (0 to 1) and y changes (0 to 1). But z is always 1.
    Result: z
  2. Group B (Blue): Look at the bottom right corner. We have two 1s (Cells 6 and 7).
    Why? In this group, z changes (0 to 1). But x is always 1 and y is always 1.
    Result: xy

Step 5: Final Equation

Combine the results of the groups with an OR (+) sign.

F = z + xy

This is much simpler than the original long equation!

7. How to do POS (Product of Sums)

If the question asks for POS, or gives you Maxterms (0s):

  1. Fill the K-Map with 0s instead of 1s (wherever the function is false).
  2. Group the 0s together.
  3. When writing the equation:
    • If a variable is 0 in the group, write it normally (e.g., A).
    • If a variable is 1 in the group, write it with a bar (e.g., A').
    • Combine variables with OR (+), and combine groups with AND (·).

K-Map Exercises: SOP & POS

Now that we understand the basics, let's solve specific problems step-by-step for both Sum of Products (SOP) and Product of Sums (POS).

Exercise 1: Sum of Products (SOP)

Goal: Find the simplified equation by grouping 1s.

Problem:

F = x'y'z + x'yz + xy'z + xyz' + xyz

Step 1: Identify Minterms (Where F = 1)

Convert each term to binary. Remember: No bar = 1, Bar = 0.

  • x'y'z → 001 → m1
  • x'yz → 011 → m3
  • xy'z → 101 → m5
  • xyz' → 110 → m6
  • xyz → 111 → m7

Notation: We can write this function as F(x,y,z) = ∑m(1, 3, 5, 6, 7)

Step 2: Fill the K-Map

We use a 2x4 grid. Place a 1 in cells 1, 3, 5, 6, 7. Place 0 everywhere else.

x \ yz 00 01 11 10
0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 1

Step 3: Grouping

We look for rectangles of 1s.

  1. Group 1 (Quad): The four 1s in the middle columns (Cells 1, 3, 5, 7).
    • x changes (0→1), y changes (0→1).
    • z stays 1.
    • Term: z
  2. Group 2 (Pair): The two 1s on the bottom right (Cells 6, 7).
    • z changes (0→1).
    • x stays 1, y stays 1.
    • Term: xy

Final SOP Answer:

F = z + xy

Exercise 2: Product of Sums (POS)

Goal: Find the simplified equation by grouping 0s.

In POS, we look at the Maxterms.
Rule: Uncomplemented variable = 0, Complemented variable = 1.

Problem:

F = (x+y+z') · (x+y'+z') · (x'+y+z') · (x'+y'+z')

Step 1: Identify Maxterms (Where F = 0)

Convert the sums to binary to find which cells get a 0.

  • (x+y+z') → 001 → M1
  • (x+y'+z') → 011 → M3
  • (x'+y+z') → 101 → M5
  • (x'+y'+z') → 111 → M7

Notation: F(x,y,z) = ∏M(1, 3, 5, 7)

Step 2: Fill the K-Map with 0s

Place 0 in cells 1, 3, 5, 7. Place 1 in the remaining cells (0, 2, 4, 6).

x \ yz 00 01 11 10
0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1

Step 3: Grouping the 0s

We see a vertical block of four 0s in the middle columns (1, 3, 5, 7).

  • x changes (0→1).
  • y changes (0→1).
  • z' is constant (which means z=1 in binary, so we write z' in the answer).

Note for POS: If the constant value in the group is 1, write the variable with a bar. If 0, write without a bar.

Final POS Answer:

F = z'

4-Variable Notation Example

For 4 variables (A, B, C, D), the grid size is 4x4 (16 cells). The logic remains the same.

Example: F(A,B,C,D) = ∏M(3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13)

This is a POS equation because it uses Capital M (Maxterms).

  1. Draw a 4x4 Grid.
  2. Label rows AB (00, 01, 11, 10) and columns CD (00, 01, 11, 10).
  3. Find cells 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 and put 0s there.
  4. Put 1s in the remaining cells.
  5. Group the 0s to find the POS equation.

Quick Reference Table

Feature SOP (Sum of Products) POS (Product of Sums)
Symbol ∑ m (Small m) ∏ M (Capital M)
K-Map Value Fill with 1s Fill with 0s
Grouping Group the 1s Group the 0s
Variable Rule 1 = Variable, 0 = Bar 0 = Variable, 1 = Bar

Advanced K-Map Exercises & Solutions

Here are detailed step-by-step solutions for the specific Boolean functions you requested. We will cover both SOP (Sum of Products) and POS (Product of Sums) methods.


Problem 1: SOP Simplification

Function:

F(x,y,z) = x'z + xy'z + xyz' + xyz

Step 1: Expand to Minterms

Some terms are missing variables. We need to expand them to find the exact minterms (1s).

  • x'z: Missing y. Expands to x'y'z (001, m1) and x'yz (011, m3).
  • xy'z: Complete. (101, m5).
  • xyz': Complete. (110, m6).
  • xyz: Complete. (111, m7).

Minterms: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7.

Step 2: K-Map Construction

Place 1s in cells 1, 3, 5, 6, 7.

x \ yz 00 01 11 10
0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 1

Step 3: Grouping

  1. Quad (1, 3, 5, 7): The four 1s in the middle columns.
    • x changes, y changes. z is constant 1.
    • Term: z
  2. Pair (6, 7): The two 1s in the bottom right.
    • z changes. x is 1, y is 1.
    • Term: xy

Final Answer:

F = z + xy

Problem 2: SOP with Absorption

Function:

F(x,y,z) = x + xy'z + xyz' + xyz

Step 1: Analyze Terms

This problem has a trick. The term x covers all cases where x is 1.

  • x covers: 100 (m4), 101 (m5), 110 (m6), 111 (m7).
  • The other terms (xy'z, xyz', xyz) are already included inside x.

Effective Minterms: 4, 5, 6, 7.

Step 2: K-Map Construction

Place 1s in the entire bottom row (where x=1).

x \ yz 00 01 11 10
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1

Step 3: Grouping

We have one big group of four 1s (Quad) in the bottom row.

  • y changes, z changes.
  • x is constant 1.

Final Answer:

F = x

Problem 3: POS Simplification

Function:

F = (x+y+z') · (x+y'+z') · (x'+y+z') · (x'+y'+z')

Step 1: Identify Maxterms (0s)

Convert sums to binary. Remember: No Bar = 0, Bar = 1.

  • (x+y+z') → 001 → M1
  • (x+y'+z') → 011 → M3
  • (x'+y+z') → 101 → M5
  • (x'+y'+z') → 111 → M7

Maxterms: 1, 3, 5, 7.

Step 2: K-Map Construction

Place 0s in cells 1, 3, 5, 7. Place 1s elsewhere.

x \ yz 00 01 11 10
0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1

Step 3: Grouping the 0s

We have a vertical Quad of 0s in the middle columns (1, 3, 5, 7).

  • x changes, y changes.
  • z' is constant (In binary, z=1. For POS, 1 becomes z').

Final Answer:

F = z'

Problem 4: SOP from Minterm Notation

Function:

F(x,y,z) = ∑m(1, 2, 3, 5, 7)

Step 1: K-Map Construction

Place 1s in cells 1, 2, 3, 5, 7.

x \ yz 00 01 11 10
0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0

Step 2: Grouping

  1. Quad (1, 3, 5, 7): Middle columns.
    • Term: z
  2. Pair (2, 3): Top row, right side.
    • x is 0, y is 1. z changes.
    • Term: x'y

Final Answer:

F = z + x'y

Problem 5: POS from Maxterm Notation (4 Variables)

Function:

F(A,B,C,D) = ∏M(3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13)

This is a 4-variable map (4x4 Grid). We group the 0s.

Step 1: K-Map Construction

Place 0s in cells: 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13.

AB \ CD 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 0 1
01 1 0 0 1
11 0 0 1 1
10 0 1 0 0

Step 2: Grouping the 0s

We need to cover all 0s with the fewest groups possible.

  1. Group 1 (Pair 3, 7): Cells 0011 and 0111.
    • A=0, C=1, D=1.
    • Term: (A + C' + D')
  2. Group 2 (Pair 5, 13): Cells 0101 and 1101.
    • B=1, C=0, D=1.
    • Term: (B' + C + D')
  3. Group 3 (Pair 8, 12): Cells 1000 and 1100.
    • A=1, C=0, D=0.
    • Term: (A' + C + D)
  4. Group 4 (Pair 10, 11): Cells 1010 and 1011.
    • A=1, B=0, C=1.
    • Term: (A' + B + C')

Final Answer:

F = (A + C' + D') · (B' + C + D') · (A' + C + D) · (A' + B + C')

GCE A/L เฎ•்เฎ•ாเฎฉ Karnaugh Maps (K-Maps) เฎ•เฎฑ்เฎฑเฎฒ்

เฎชூเฎฒிเฎฏเฎฉ் เฎ‡เฎฏเฎฑ்เฎ•เฎฃிเฎคเฎฎ் (Boolean Algebra) เฎ•ுเฎดเฎช்เฎชเฎฎாเฎ• เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคாเฎฒ், K-Maps เฎ‰เฎ™்เฎ•เฎณுเฎ•்เฎ•ு เฎ‰เฎคเฎตுเฎฎ். เฎ‡เฎคு เฎšிเฎ•்เฎ•เฎฒாเฎฉ เฎ•เฎฃிเฎคเฎค்เฎคை เฎ’เฎฐு เฎ•ாเฎŸ்เฎšி เฎชுเฎคிเฎฐ் เฎชோเฎฒ เฎฎாเฎฑ்เฎฑுเฎฎ். เฎ‡เฎ™்เฎ•ே เฎ’เฎต்เฎตொเฎฐு เฎชเฎŸிเฎฏாเฎ• เฎจீเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ் เฎคெเฎฐிเฎจ்เฎคு เฎ•ொเฎณ்เฎณ เฎตேเฎฃ்เฎŸிเฎฏ เฎ…เฎฉைเฎค்เฎคுเฎฎ் เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณเฎฉ.

1. เฎ‡เฎคเฎฉ் เฎจோเฎ•்เฎ•เฎฎ் เฎŽเฎฉ்เฎฉ?

K-Map เฎ‡เฎฉ் เฎฎுเฎ•்เฎ•ிเฎฏ เฎจோเฎ•்เฎ•เฎฎ் เฎชூเฎฒிเฎฏเฎฉ் เฎšเฎฎเฎฉ்เฎชாเฎŸுเฎ•เฎณை เฎšுเฎฐுเฎ•்เฎ•ுเฎตเฎคாเฎ•ுเฎฎ் (Simplify Boolean equations). เฎจீเฎฃ்เฎŸ เฎ‡เฎฏเฎฑ்เฎ•เฎฃிเฎค เฎตிเฎคிเฎ•เฎณைเฎช் (De Morgan's or Distributive laws) เฎชเฎฏเฎฉ்เฎชเฎŸுเฎค்เฎคுเฎตเฎคเฎฑ்เฎ•ுเฎช் เฎชเฎคிเฎฒாเฎ•, เฎ’เฎฐு เฎ•ாเฎŸ்เฎšி เฎ•เฎŸ்เฎŸเฎค்เฎคைเฎช் (visual grid) เฎชเฎฏเฎฉ்เฎชเฎŸுเฎค்เฎคி เฎ‰เฎฑுเฎช்เฎชுเฎ•เฎณை เฎ’เฎฉ்เฎฑிเฎฃைเฎค்เฎคு เฎฎாเฎฑிเฎ•เฎณை เฎจீเฎ•்เฎ•ுเฎ•ிเฎฑோเฎฎ்.

2. เฎฎெเฎฏ்เฎฎเฎคிเฎช்เฎชு เฎ…เฎŸ்เฎŸเฎตเฎฃை vs K-Maps

  • เฎšாเฎคாเฎฐเฎฃ เฎฎெเฎฏ்เฎฎเฎคிเฎช்เฎชு เฎ…เฎŸ்เฎŸเฎตเฎฃை (1D - Truth Tables): เฎ‡เฎตை เฎชเฎŸ்เฎŸிเฎฏเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ். เฎ‡เฎตเฎฑ்เฎฑை เฎฎேเฎฒிเฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคு เฎ•ீเฎดாเฎ• เฎตாเฎšிเฎ•்เฎ• เฎตேเฎฃ்เฎŸுเฎฎ். เฎ‡เฎตை เฎšாเฎค்เฎคிเฎฏเฎฎாเฎฉ เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณீเฎŸுเฎ•เฎณிเฎฉ் เฎ•เฎฒเฎตைเฎ•เฎณைเฎ•் เฎ•ாเฎŸ்เฎŸுเฎ•ிเฎฉ்เฎฑเฎฉ.
  • K-Maps (2D): เฎ‡เฎตை เฎ…เฎŸ்เฎŸเฎตเฎฃைเฎ•เฎณ் (Grids). เฎ…เฎจ்เฎค 1D เฎชเฎŸ்เฎŸிเฎฏเฎฒை เฎŽเฎŸுเฎค்เฎคு 2D เฎตเฎŸிเฎตเฎฎாเฎ• "เฎฎเฎŸிเฎ•்เฎ•ிเฎฑோเฎฎ்". เฎ‡เฎคு เฎชเฎŸ்เฎŸிเฎฏเฎฒிเฎฒ் เฎชாเฎฐ்เฎ•்เฎ• เฎ•เฎŸிเฎฉเฎฎாเฎฉ เฎตเฎŸிเฎตเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณை (patterns) เฎชாเฎฐ்เฎ•்เฎ• เฎ‰เฎคเฎตுเฎ•ிเฎฑเฎคு.

3. SOP vs POS

เฎšเฎฎเฎฉ்เฎชாเฎŸுเฎ•เฎณை เฎŽเฎดுเฎค เฎ‡เฎฐเฎฃ்เฎŸு เฎตเฎดிเฎ•เฎณ் เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณเฎฉ, K-Maps เฎชเฎฏเฎฉ்เฎชเฎŸுเฎค்เฎคเฎตுเฎฎ் เฎ‡เฎฐเฎฃ்เฎŸு เฎตเฎดிเฎ•เฎณ் เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณเฎฉ:

  • SOP (Sum of Products): เฎจீเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ் Minterms เฎ•เฎณைเฎค் เฎคேเฎŸுเฎ•ிเฎฑீเฎฐ்เฎ•เฎณ். K-Map เฎ‡เฎฒ், เฎจீเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ் 1s เฎ เฎตைเฎค்เฎคு, 1s เฎ เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎ•்เฎ• เฎตேเฎฃ்เฎŸுเฎฎ் (Group the 1s).
  • POS (Product of Sums): เฎจீเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ் Maxterms เฎ•เฎณைเฎค் เฎคேเฎŸுเฎ•ிเฎฑீเฎฐ்เฎ•เฎณ். K-Map เฎ‡เฎฒ், เฎจீเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ் 0s เฎ เฎตைเฎค்เฎคு, 0s เฎ เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎ•்เฎ• เฎตேเฎฃ்เฎŸுเฎฎ் (Group the 0s).

เฎ•ுเฎฑிเฎช்เฎชு: เฎ‡เฎจ்เฎค เฎตเฎดிเฎ•ாเฎŸ்เฎŸிเฎฏிเฎฒ், เฎคொเฎŸเฎ•்เฎ• เฎจிเฎฒை เฎฎாเฎฃเฎตเฎฐ்เฎ•เฎณுเฎ•்เฎ•ு เฎฎிเฎ•เฎตுเฎฎ் เฎชொเฎคுเฎตாเฎฉ เฎฎுเฎฑைเฎฏாเฎฉ SOP (1s เฎ เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎค்เฎคเฎฒ்) เฎฎீเฎคு เฎ•เฎตเฎฉเฎฎ் เฎšெเฎฒுเฎค்เฎคுเฎตோเฎฎ்.

4. เฎ•เฎŸ்เฎŸ เฎ…เฎณเฎตுเฎ•เฎณ் (Dimensions)

เฎ‰เฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ் K-Map เฎ‡เฎฉ் เฎ…เฎณเฎตு เฎฎாเฎฑிเฎ•เฎณிเฎฉ் (inputs) เฎŽเฎฃ்เฎฃிเฎ•்เฎ•ைเฎฏைเฎช் เฎชொเฎฑுเฎค்เฎคเฎคு. 3 เฎฎாเฎฑிเฎ•เฎณ் (x, y, z) เฎ•்เฎ•ு:

เฎฎொเฎค்เฎค เฎ•เฎฒเฎตைเฎ•เฎณ் = $2^3 = 8$.

เฎ‡เฎจ்เฎค 8 เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณை เฎตெเฎต்เฎตேเฎฑு 2D เฎตเฎŸிเฎตเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณிเฎฒ் เฎ…เฎฎைเฎ•்เฎ•เฎฒாเฎฎ்:

  • 1 เฎตเฎฐிเฎšை × 8 เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ் (1x8)
  • 8 เฎตเฎฐிเฎšைเฎ•เฎณ் × 1 เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒ் (8x1)
  • 2 เฎตเฎฐிเฎšைเฎ•เฎณ் × 4 เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ் (2x4) (3 เฎฎாเฎฑிเฎ•เฎณுเฎ•்เฎ•ு เฎ‡เฎคுเฎตே เฎฎிเฎ•เฎตுเฎฎ் เฎชொเฎคுเฎตாเฎฉเฎคு)
  • 4 เฎตเฎฐிเฎšைเฎ•เฎณ் × 2 เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ் (4x2)

5. เฎ‡เฎฐเฎ•เฎšிเฎฏ เฎ†เฎฏுเฎคเฎฎ்: Gray Code

เฎ‡เฎคு K-Maps เฎ‡เฎฒ் เฎฎிเฎ• เฎฎுเฎ•்เฎ•ிเฎฏเฎฎாเฎฉ เฎตிเฎคிเฎฏாเฎ•ுเฎฎ். เฎตเฎฐிเฎšைเฎ•เฎณ் เฎฎเฎฑ்เฎฑுเฎฎ் เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณுเฎ•்เฎ•ு เฎชெเฎฏเฎฐிเฎŸுเฎฎ்เฎชோเฎคு, เฎšாเฎคாเฎฐเฎฃ เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎฎ เฎŽเฎฃ்เฎฃிเฎ•்เฎ•ைเฎฏைเฎช் (00, 01, 10, 11) เฎชเฎฏเฎฉ்เฎชเฎŸுเฎค்เฎคเฎ•்เฎ•ூเฎŸாเฎคு. เฎจீเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ் Gray Code เฎเฎช் เฎชเฎฏเฎฉ்เฎชเฎŸுเฎค்เฎค เฎตேเฎฃ்เฎŸுเฎฎ்.

เฎตிเฎคி: เฎŽเฎจ்เฎค เฎ‡เฎฐเฎฃ்เฎŸு เฎ…เฎŸுเฎค்เฎคเฎŸுเฎค்เฎค เฎŽเฎฃ்เฎ•เฎณுเฎ•்เฎ•ுเฎฎ் เฎ‡เฎŸைเฎฏிเฎฒ், เฎ’เฎฐே เฎ’เฎฐு เฎชிเฎŸ் เฎฎเฎŸ்เฎŸுเฎฎே (value) เฎฎாเฎฑ เฎตேเฎฃ்เฎŸுเฎฎ்.

2 เฎชிเฎŸ்เฎ•เฎณுเฎ•்เฎ•ாเฎฉ เฎตเฎฐிเฎšை: 00 → 01 → 11 → 10

  • 00 เฎฎுเฎคเฎฒ் 01 เฎตเฎฐை: เฎตเฎฒเฎคு เฎชிเฎŸ் เฎฎเฎŸ்เฎŸுเฎฎ் เฎฎாเฎฑிเฎฏเฎคு.
  • 01 เฎฎுเฎคเฎฒ் 11 เฎตเฎฐை: เฎ‡เฎŸเฎคு เฎชிเฎŸ் เฎฎเฎŸ்เฎŸுเฎฎ் เฎฎாเฎฑிเฎฏเฎคு.
  • 11 เฎฎுเฎคเฎฒ் 10 เฎตเฎฐை: เฎตเฎฒเฎคு เฎชிเฎŸ் เฎฎเฎŸ்เฎŸுเฎฎ் เฎฎாเฎฑிเฎฏเฎคு.

เฎจீเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ் Gray Code เฎเฎช் เฎชเฎฏเฎฉ்เฎชเฎŸுเฎค்เฎคாเฎตிเฎŸ்เฎŸாเฎฒ், เฎ‰เฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ் K-Map เฎตேเฎฒை เฎšெเฎฏ்เฎฏாเฎคு!


6. เฎชเฎŸிเฎช்เฎชเฎŸிเฎฏாเฎฉ เฎ‰เฎคாเฎฐเฎฃเฎฎ்

เฎ‡เฎจ்เฎคเฎš் เฎšாเฎฐ்เฎชை (function) เฎ’เฎฉ்เฎฑாเฎ•เฎค் เฎคீเฎฐ்เฎช்เฎชோเฎฎ்:

F(x,y,z) = (x'y'z) + (x'yz) + (xy'z) + (xyz') + (xyz)

เฎชเฎŸி 1: เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎฎเฎค்เฎคிเฎฑ்เฎ•ு เฎฎாเฎฑ்เฎฑுเฎคเฎฒ் (Minterms)

เฎ’เฎต்เฎตொเฎฐு เฎ‰เฎฑுเฎช்เฎชைเฎฏுเฎฎ் เฎชாเฎฐுเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ். เฎ’เฎฐு เฎฎாเฎฑிเฎ•்เฎ•ு เฎฎேเฎฑ்เฎ•ோเฎŸு เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคாเฎฒ் (x' เฎชோเฎฉ்เฎฑเฎคு), เฎ…เฎคு 0. เฎฎேเฎฑ்เฎ•ோเฎŸு เฎ‡เฎฒ்เฎฒைเฎฏெเฎฉ்เฎฑாเฎฒ் (x เฎชோเฎฉ்เฎฑเฎคு), เฎ…เฎคு 1.

  • x'y'z → 0 0 1 (เฎชเฎคிเฎฉ்เฎฎเฎฎ் 1)
  • x'yz → 0 1 1 (เฎชเฎคிเฎฉ்เฎฎเฎฎ் 3)
  • xy'z → 1 0 1 (เฎชเฎคிเฎฉ்เฎฎเฎฎ் 5)
  • xyz' → 1 1 0 (เฎชเฎคிเฎฉ்เฎฎเฎฎ் 6)
  • xyz → 1 1 1 (เฎชเฎคிเฎฉ்เฎฎเฎฎ் 7)

เฎชเฎŸி 2: เฎฎெเฎฏ்เฎฎเฎคிเฎช்เฎชு เฎ…เฎŸ்เฎŸเฎตเฎฃைเฎฏை เฎ‰เฎฐுเฎตாเฎ•்เฎ•ுเฎคเฎฒ் (Truth Table)

เฎจாเฎฎ் เฎ…เฎฉைเฎค்เฎคு 8 เฎ•เฎฒเฎตைเฎ•เฎณைเฎฏுเฎฎ் (0 เฎฎுเฎคเฎฒ் 7 เฎตเฎฐை) เฎชเฎŸ்เฎŸிเฎฏเฎฒிเฎŸுเฎ•ிเฎฑோเฎฎ். เฎฎேเฎฒே เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณ เฎชเฎŸ்เฎŸிเฎฏเฎฒுเฎŸเฎฉ் (1, 3, 5, 6, 7) เฎŽเฎฃ் เฎชொเฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคிเฎฉாเฎฒ் เฎตெเฎณிเฎฏீเฎŸு เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒிเฎฒ் 1 เฎ เฎ‡เฎŸுเฎ•ிเฎฑோเฎฎ். เฎ‡เฎฒ்เฎฒைเฎฏெเฎฉ்เฎฑாเฎฒ், 0 เฎ เฎ‡เฎŸுเฎ•ிเฎฑோเฎฎ்.

เฎชเฎคிเฎฉ்เฎฎเฎฎ் (Decimal) x y z เฎตெเฎณிเฎฏீเฎŸு (F) เฎ•ுเฎฑிเฎช்เฎชு
00000
10011x'y'z เฎ‡เฎฒிเฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคு
20100
30111x'yz เฎ‡เฎฒிเฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคு
41000
51011xy'z เฎ‡เฎฒிเฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคு
61101xyz' เฎ‡เฎฒிเฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคு
71111xyz เฎ‡เฎฒிเฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคு

เฎชเฎŸி 3: K-Map เฎ•เฎŸ்เฎŸเฎค்เฎคை เฎตเฎฐைเฎคเฎฒ்

เฎจாเฎฎ் 2 เฎตเฎฐிเฎšைเฎ•เฎณ் × 4 เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ் เฎ•เฎŸ்เฎŸเฎค்เฎคைเฎช் เฎชเฎฏเฎฉ்เฎชเฎŸுเฎค்เฎคுเฎตோเฎฎ்.

  • เฎตเฎฐிเฎšைเฎ•เฎณ் (x): 0, 1
  • เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ் (yz): 00, 01, 11, 10 (Gray Code เฎ เฎจிเฎฉைเฎตிเฎฒ் เฎ•ொเฎณ்เฎ•!)
x \ yz 00 01 11 10
0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 1

เฎฎெเฎฏ்เฎฎเฎคிเฎช்เฎชு เฎ…เฎŸ்เฎŸเฎตเฎฃைเฎฏிเฎฉ் เฎ…เฎŸிเฎช்เฎชเฎŸைเฎฏிเฎฒ் 1, 3, 5, 6, เฎฎเฎฑ்เฎฑுเฎฎ் 7 เฎ†เฎ•ிเฎฏ เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณிเฎฒ் 1s เฎ เฎ‡เฎŸ்เฎŸுเฎณ்เฎณோเฎฎ்.

เฎชเฎŸி 4: เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎค்เฎคเฎฒ் (Grouping - The Magic Step)

เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎค்เฎคเฎฒுเฎ•்เฎ•ாเฎฉ เฎตிเฎคிเฎ•เฎณ்:

  1. เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชுเฎ•เฎณ் $2^n$ เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณைเฎ•் เฎ•ொเฎฃ்เฎŸிเฎฐுเฎ•்เฎ• เฎตேเฎฃ்เฎŸுเฎฎ் (1, 2, 4, 8, 16...).
  2. เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชுเฎ•เฎณ் เฎšெเฎต்เฎตเฎ•เฎฎாเฎ•เฎตோ เฎ…เฎฒ்เฎฒเฎคு เฎšเฎคுเฎฐเฎฎாเฎ•เฎตோ เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎ•்เฎ• เฎตேเฎฃ்เฎŸுเฎฎ்.
  3. เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชுเฎ•เฎณை เฎฎுเฎŸிเฎจ்เฎคเฎตเฎฐை เฎชெเฎฐிเฎฏเฎคாเฎ• เฎ‰เฎฐுเฎตாเฎ•்เฎ• เฎฎுเฎฏเฎฑ்เฎšிเฎ•்เฎ•เฎตுเฎฎ்.
  4. เฎ’เฎต்เฎตொเฎฐு 1 เฎ‰เฎฎ் เฎ•ுเฎฑைเฎจ்เฎคเฎชเฎŸ்เฎšเฎฎ் เฎ’เฎฐு เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชிเฎฑ்เฎ•ுเฎณ் เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎ•்เฎ• เฎตேเฎฃ்เฎŸுเฎฎ்.
  5. เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชுเฎ•เฎณ் เฎ’เฎฉ்เฎฑிเฎฉ் เฎฎேเฎฒ் เฎ’เฎฉ்เฎฑு เฎตเฎฐเฎฒாเฎฎ் (Overlap).

เฎจเฎฎเฎคு เฎ‰เฎคாเฎฐเฎฃเฎค்เฎคை เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชோเฎฎ்:

  1. เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชு A (เฎšிเฎตเฎช்เฎชு): เฎจเฎŸுเฎตிเฎฒ் เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณ เฎ‡เฎฐเฎฃ்เฎŸு เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณைเฎช் เฎชாเฎฐுเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ் (01 เฎฎเฎฑ்เฎฑுเฎฎ் 11). เฎจாเฎฉ்เฎ•ு 1s เฎšเฎคுเฎฐเฎฎாเฎ• เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณเฎฉ (เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ் 1, 3, 5, 7).
    เฎเฎฉ்? เฎ‡เฎจ்เฎค เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชிเฎฒ், x เฎฎாเฎฑுเฎ•ிเฎฑเฎคு (0 เฎฎுเฎคเฎฒ் 1) เฎฎเฎฑ்เฎฑுเฎฎ் y เฎฎாเฎฑுเฎ•ிเฎฑเฎคு (0 เฎฎுเฎคเฎฒ் 1). เฎ†เฎฉாเฎฒ் z เฎŽเฎช்เฎชோเฎคுเฎฎ் 1 เฎ†เฎ• เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณเฎคு.
    เฎตிเฎŸை: z
  2. เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชு B (เฎจீเฎฒเฎฎ்): เฎ•ீเฎด் เฎตเฎฒเฎคு เฎฎூเฎฒைเฎฏைเฎช் เฎชாเฎฐுเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ். เฎ‡เฎฐเฎฃ்เฎŸு 1s เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณเฎฉ (เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ் 6 เฎฎเฎฑ்เฎฑுเฎฎ் 7).
    เฎเฎฉ்? เฎ‡เฎจ்เฎค เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชிเฎฒ், z เฎฎாเฎฑுเฎ•ிเฎฑเฎคு (0 เฎฎுเฎคเฎฒ் 1). เฎ†เฎฉாเฎฒ் x เฎŽเฎช்เฎชோเฎคுเฎฎ் 1 เฎฎเฎฑ்เฎฑுเฎฎ் y เฎŽเฎช்เฎชோเฎคுเฎฎ் 1.
    เฎตிเฎŸை: xy

เฎชเฎŸி 5: เฎ‡เฎฑுเฎคி เฎšเฎฎเฎฉ்เฎชாเฎŸு

เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชுเฎ•เฎณிเฎฉ் เฎตிเฎŸைเฎ•เฎณை OR (+) เฎ•ுเฎฑிเฎฏீเฎŸ்เฎŸுเฎŸเฎฉ் เฎ‡เฎฃைเฎ•்เฎ•เฎตுเฎฎ்.

F = z + xy

เฎ‡เฎคு เฎ…เฎšเฎฒ் เฎจீเฎฃ்เฎŸ เฎšเฎฎเฎฉ்เฎชாเฎŸ்เฎŸை เฎตிเฎŸ เฎฎிเฎ•เฎตுเฎฎ் เฎŽเฎณிเฎฎைเฎฏாเฎฉเฎคு!

7. POS (Product of Sums) เฎŽเฎช்เฎชเฎŸி เฎšெเฎฏ்เฎตเฎคு

เฎ•ேเฎณ்เฎตி POS เฎเฎ•் เฎ•ேเฎŸ்เฎŸாเฎฒ் เฎ…เฎฒ்เฎฒเฎคு Maxterms (0s) เฎ•ொเฎŸுเฎค்เฎคாเฎฒ்:

  1. K-Map เฎ 1s เฎ•்เฎ•ுเฎช் เฎชเฎคிเฎฒாเฎ• 0s เฎ•ொเฎฃ்เฎŸு เฎจிเฎฐเฎช்เฎชเฎตுเฎฎ் (เฎšாเฎฐ்เฎชு เฎชொเฎฏ்เฎฏாเฎ• เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎ•்เฎ•ுเฎฎ் เฎ‡เฎŸเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณிเฎฒ்).
  2. 0s เฎ เฎ’เฎฉ்เฎฑாเฎ• เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎ•்เฎ•เฎตுเฎฎ்.
  3. เฎšเฎฎเฎฉ்เฎชாเฎŸ்เฎŸை เฎŽเฎดுเฎคுเฎฎ்เฎชோเฎคு:
    • เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชிเฎฒ் เฎ’เฎฐு เฎฎாเฎฑி 0 เฎ†เฎ• เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคாเฎฒ், เฎ…เฎคை เฎšாเฎคாเฎฐเฎฃเฎฎாเฎ• เฎŽเฎดுเฎคเฎตுเฎฎ் (เฎ‰เฎคா: A).
    • เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชிเฎฒ் เฎ’เฎฐு เฎฎாเฎฑி 1 เฎ†เฎ• เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคாเฎฒ், เฎ…เฎคை เฎฎேเฎฑ்เฎ•ோเฎŸுเฎŸเฎฉ் เฎŽเฎดுเฎคเฎตுเฎฎ் (เฎ‰เฎคா: A').
    • เฎฎாเฎฑிเฎ•เฎณை OR (+) เฎฎூเฎฒเฎฎுเฎฎ், เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชுเฎ•เฎณை AND (·) เฎฎூเฎฒเฎฎுเฎฎ் เฎ‡เฎฃைเฎ•்เฎ•เฎตுเฎฎ்.

K-Map เฎชเฎฏிเฎฑ்เฎšிเฎ•เฎณ்: SOP & POS

เฎ…เฎŸிเฎช்เฎชเฎŸைเฎ•เฎณைเฎช் เฎชுเฎฐிเฎจ்เฎคு เฎ•ொเฎฃ்เฎŸோเฎฎ், เฎ‡เฎช்เฎชோเฎคு Sum of Products (SOP) เฎฎเฎฑ்เฎฑுเฎฎ் Product of Sums (POS) เฎ†เฎ•ிเฎฏ เฎ‡เฎฐเฎฃ்เฎŸிเฎฑ்เฎ•ுเฎฎ் เฎ•ுเฎฑிเฎช்เฎชிเฎŸ்เฎŸ ฯ€ฯฮฟฮฒ்เฎณเฎฎ்เฎ•เฎณை เฎชเฎŸிเฎช்เฎชเฎŸிเฎฏாเฎ•เฎค் เฎคீเฎฐ்เฎช்เฎชோเฎฎ்.

เฎชเฎฏிเฎฑ்เฎšி 1: Sum of Products (SOP)

เฎ‡เฎฒเฎ•்เฎ•ு: 1s เฎ เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชเฎคเฎฉ் เฎฎூเฎฒเฎฎ் เฎšுเฎฐுเฎ•்เฎ•เฎช்เฎชเฎŸ்เฎŸ เฎšเฎฎเฎฉ்เฎชாเฎŸ்เฎŸைเฎ•் เฎ•เฎฃ்เฎŸเฎฑிเฎคเฎฒ்.

เฎชிเฎฐเฎš்เฎšிเฎฉை:

F = x'y'z + x'yz + xy'z + xyz' + xyz

เฎชเฎŸி 1: Minterms เฎ เฎ…เฎŸைเฎฏாเฎณเฎฎ் เฎ•ாเฎฃுเฎคเฎฒ் (F = 1 เฎ‡เฎŸเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ்)

เฎ’เฎต்เฎตொเฎฐு เฎ‰เฎฑுเฎช்เฎชைเฎฏுเฎฎ் เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎฎเฎค்เฎคிเฎฑ்เฎ•ு (binary) เฎฎாเฎฑ்เฎฑเฎตுเฎฎ். เฎจிเฎฉைเฎตிเฎฒ் เฎ•ொเฎณ்เฎ•: เฎฎேเฎฑ்เฎ•ோเฎŸு เฎ‡เฎฒ்เฎฒை = 1, เฎฎேเฎฑ்เฎ•ோเฎŸு เฎ‰เฎฃ்เฎŸு = 0.

  • x'y'z → 001 → m1
  • x'yz → 011 → m3
  • xy'z → 101 → m5
  • xyz' → 110 → m6
  • xyz → 111 → m7

เฎ•ுเฎฑிเฎฏீเฎŸு: เฎ‡เฎจ்เฎคเฎš் เฎšாเฎฐ்เฎชை เฎ‡เฎต்เฎตாเฎฑு เฎŽเฎดுเฎคเฎฒாเฎฎ் F(x,y,z) = ∑m(1, 3, 5, 6, 7)

เฎชเฎŸி 2: K-Map เฎ เฎจிเฎฐเฎช்เฎชுเฎคเฎฒ்

เฎจாเฎฎ் 2x4 เฎ•เฎŸ்เฎŸเฎค்เฎคைเฎช் เฎชเฎฏเฎฉ்เฎชเฎŸுเฎค்เฎคுเฎ•ிเฎฑோเฎฎ். 1, 3, 5, 6, 7 เฎ†เฎ•ிเฎฏ เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณிเฎฒ் 1 เฎ เฎ‡เฎŸเฎตுเฎฎ். เฎฎเฎฑ்เฎฑ เฎ‡เฎŸเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณிเฎฒ் 0 เฎ เฎ‡เฎŸเฎตுเฎฎ்.

x \ yz 00 01 11 10
0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 1

เฎชเฎŸி 3: เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎค்เฎคเฎฒ் (Grouping)

เฎจாเฎฎ் 1s เฎ‡เฎฉ் เฎšெเฎต்เฎตเฎ•เฎ™்เฎ•เฎณைเฎค் เฎคேเฎŸுเฎ•ிเฎฑோเฎฎ்.

  1. เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชு 1 (Quad - เฎจாเฎฉ்เฎ•ு): เฎจเฎŸு เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณிเฎฒ் เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณ เฎจாเฎฉ்เฎ•ு 1s (เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ் 1, 3, 5, 7).
    • x เฎฎாเฎฑுเฎ•ிเฎฑเฎคு (0→1), y เฎฎாเฎฑுเฎ•ிเฎฑเฎคு (0→1).
    • z เฎฎாเฎฑாเฎฎเฎฒ் 1 เฎ†เฎ• เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณเฎคு.
    • เฎ‰เฎฑுเฎช்เฎชு: z
  2. เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชு 2 (Pair - เฎ‡เฎฐเฎฃ்เฎŸு): เฎ•ீเฎด் เฎตเฎฒเฎคு เฎฎூเฎฒைเฎฏிเฎฒ் เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณ เฎ‡เฎฐเฎฃ்เฎŸு 1s (เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ் 6, 7).
    • z เฎฎாเฎฑுเฎ•ிเฎฑเฎคு (0→1).
    • x เฎฎாเฎฑாเฎฎเฎฒ் 1, y เฎฎாเฎฑாเฎฎเฎฒ் 1.
    • เฎ‰เฎฑுเฎช்เฎชு: xy

เฎ‡เฎฑுเฎคி SOP เฎตிเฎŸை:

F = z + xy

เฎชเฎฏிเฎฑ்เฎšி 2: Product of Sums (POS)

เฎ‡เฎฒเฎ•்เฎ•ு: 0s เฎ เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชเฎคเฎฉ் เฎฎூเฎฒเฎฎ் เฎšுเฎฐுเฎ•்เฎ•เฎช்เฎชเฎŸ்เฎŸ เฎšเฎฎเฎฉ்เฎชாเฎŸ்เฎŸைเฎ•் เฎ•เฎฃ்เฎŸเฎฑிเฎคเฎฒ்.

POS เฎ‡เฎฒ், เฎจாเฎฎ் Maxterms เฎเฎช் เฎชாเฎฐ்เฎ•்เฎ•ிเฎฑோเฎฎ்.
เฎตிเฎคி: เฎจிเฎฐเฎช்เฎชு เฎ‡เฎฒ்เฎฒாเฎค เฎฎாเฎฑி = 0, เฎจிเฎฐเฎช்เฎชு เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณ เฎฎாเฎฑி = 1.

เฎชிเฎฐเฎš்เฎšிเฎฉை:

F = (x+y+z') · (x+y'+z') · (x'+y+z') · (x'+y'+z')

เฎชเฎŸி 1: Maxterms เฎ เฎ…เฎŸைเฎฏாเฎณเฎฎ் เฎ•ாเฎฃுเฎคเฎฒ் (F = 0 เฎ‡เฎŸเฎ™்เฎ•เฎณ்)

เฎŽเฎจ்เฎค เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณிเฎฒ் 0 เฎตเฎฐுเฎฎ் เฎŽเฎฉ்เฎชเฎคைเฎ•் เฎ•เฎฃ்เฎŸเฎฑிเฎฏ เฎ•ூเฎŸ்เฎŸเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณை เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎฎเฎค்เฎคிเฎฑ்เฎ•ு เฎฎாเฎฑ்เฎฑเฎตுเฎฎ்.

  • (x+y+z') → 001 → M1
  • (x+y'+z') → 011 → M3
  • (x'+y+z') → 101 → M5
  • (x'+y'+z') → 111 → M7

เฎ•ுเฎฑிเฎฏீเฎŸு: F(x,y,z) = ∏M(1, 3, 5, 7)

เฎชเฎŸி 2: K-Map เฎ 0s เฎ•ொเฎฃ்เฎŸு เฎจிเฎฐเฎช்เฎชுเฎคเฎฒ்

1, 3, 5, 7 เฎ†เฎ•ிเฎฏ เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณிเฎฒ் 0 เฎ เฎ‡เฎŸเฎตுเฎฎ். เฎฎீเฎคเฎฎுเฎณ்เฎณ เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณிเฎฒ் (0, 2, 4, 6) 1 เฎ เฎ‡เฎŸเฎตுเฎฎ்.

x \ yz 00 01 11 10
0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1

เฎชเฎŸி 3: 0s เฎ เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎค்เฎคเฎฒ்

เฎจเฎŸு เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณிเฎฒ் (1, 3, 5, 7) เฎจாเฎฉ்เฎ•ு 0s เฎ•ொเฎฃ்เฎŸ เฎ’เฎฐு เฎšெเฎ™்เฎ•ுเฎค்เฎคாเฎฉ เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎคி เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณเฎคு.

  • x เฎฎாเฎฑுเฎ•ிเฎฑเฎคு (0→1).
  • y เฎฎாเฎฑுเฎ•ிเฎฑเฎคு (0→1).
  • z' เฎฎாเฎฑாเฎฎเฎฒ் เฎ‰เฎณ்เฎณเฎคு (เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎฎเฎค்เฎคிเฎฒ் z=1 เฎŽเฎฉ்เฎชเฎคாเฎ•ுเฎฎ், เฎŽเฎฉเฎตே เฎตிเฎŸைเฎฏிเฎฒ் z' เฎŽเฎฉ เฎŽเฎดுเฎคுเฎ•ிเฎฑோเฎฎ்).

POS เฎ•்เฎ•ாเฎฉ เฎ•ுเฎฑிเฎช்เฎชு: เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎช்เฎชிเฎฒ் เฎจிเฎฒைเฎฏாเฎฉ เฎฎเฎคிเฎช்เฎชு 1 เฎ†เฎ• เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคாเฎฒ், เฎฎாเฎฑிเฎฏை เฎฎேเฎฑ்เฎ•ோเฎŸுเฎŸเฎฉ் เฎŽเฎดுเฎคเฎตுเฎฎ். 0 เฎ†เฎ• เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎจ்เฎคாเฎฒ், เฎฎேเฎฑ்เฎ•ோเฎŸு เฎ‡เฎฒ்เฎฒாเฎฎเฎฒ் เฎŽเฎดுเฎคเฎตுเฎฎ்.

เฎ‡เฎฑுเฎคி POS เฎตிเฎŸை:

F = z'

4-เฎฎாเฎฑி เฎ•ுเฎฑிเฎฏீเฎŸு เฎ‰เฎคாเฎฐเฎฃเฎฎ்

4 เฎฎாเฎฑிเฎ•เฎณுเฎ•்เฎ•ு (A, B, C, D), เฎ•เฎŸ்เฎŸ เฎ…เฎณเฎตு 4x4 (16 เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ்) เฎ†เฎ•ுเฎฎ். เฎคเฎฐ்เฎ•்เฎ•เฎฎ் (logic) เฎ…เฎคே เฎชோเฎฒ เฎ‡เฎฐுเฎ•்เฎ•ுเฎฎ்.

เฎ‰เฎคாเฎฐเฎฃเฎฎ்: F(A,B,C,D) = ∏M(3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13)

เฎ‡เฎคு เฎ’เฎฐு POS เฎšเฎฎเฎฉ்เฎชாเฎŸு เฎเฎฉெเฎฉிเฎฒ் เฎ‡เฎคு เฎชெเฎฐிเฎฏ เฎŽเฎดுเฎค்เฎคு M (Maxterms) เฎเฎช் เฎชเฎฏเฎฉ்เฎชเฎŸுเฎค்เฎคுเฎ•ிเฎฑเฎคு.

  1. 4x4 เฎ•เฎŸ்เฎŸเฎค்เฎคை เฎตเฎฐைเฎฏเฎตுเฎฎ்.
  2. เฎตเฎฐிเฎšைเฎ•เฎณ் AB (00, 01, 11, 10) เฎฎเฎฑ்เฎฑுเฎฎ் เฎจிเฎฐเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณ் CD (00, 01, 11, 10) เฎŽเฎฉ เฎชெเฎฏเฎฐிเฎŸเฎตுเฎฎ்.
  3. 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 เฎ†เฎ•ிเฎฏ เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณைเฎ•் เฎ•เฎฃ்เฎŸுเฎชிเฎŸிเฎค்เฎคு เฎ…เฎ™்เฎ•ு 0s เฎ เฎ‡เฎŸเฎตுเฎฎ்.
  4. เฎฎீเฎคเฎฎுเฎณ்เฎณ เฎšெเฎฒ்เฎ•เฎณிเฎฒ் 1s เฎ เฎ‡เฎŸเฎตுเฎฎ்.
  5. POS เฎšเฎฎเฎฉ்เฎชாเฎŸ்เฎŸைเฎ•் เฎ•เฎฃ்เฎŸเฎฑிเฎฏ 0s เฎ เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎ•்เฎ•เฎตுเฎฎ்.

เฎตிเฎฐைเฎตாเฎฉ เฎ•ுเฎฑிเฎช்เฎชு เฎ…เฎŸ்เฎŸเฎตเฎฃை

เฎ…เฎฎ்เฎšเฎฎ் SOP (Sum of Products) POS (Product of Sums)
เฎ•ுเฎฑிเฎฏீเฎŸு ∑ m (เฎšிเฎฑிเฎฏ m) ∏ M (เฎชெเฎฐிเฎฏ M)
K-Map เฎฎเฎคிเฎช்เฎชு 1s เฎ•ொเฎฃ்เฎŸு เฎจிเฎฐเฎช்เฎชเฎตுเฎฎ் 0s เฎ•ொเฎฃ்เฎŸு เฎจிเฎฐเฎช்เฎชเฎตுเฎฎ்
เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎค்เฎคเฎฒ் 1s เฎ เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎ•்เฎ•เฎตுเฎฎ் 0s เฎ เฎคொเฎ•ுเฎ•்เฎ•เฎตுเฎฎ்
เฎฎாเฎฑி เฎตிเฎคி 1 = เฎฎாเฎฑி, 0 = เฎฎேเฎฑ்เฎ•ோเฎŸு 0 = เฎฎாเฎฑி, 1 = เฎฎேเฎฑ்เฎ•ோเฎŸு

Thursday, February 12, 2026

Facebook Business Tools Beginner's Guide | Complete Tutorial Learn how Facebook Business Manager can help you run your business. See how to easily manage you company pages and ad accounts in one place in Sri Lanka

Facebook Business Tools Beginner's Guide | Complete Tutorial

Facebook Business Tools Mastery

Complete Step-by-Step Tutorial for Profiles, Pages, Groups, Marketplace & Ads

๐Ÿ‘ค Facebook Profile Setup Basics

Essential Setup Steps

Your personal Facebook profile is the foundation for all business activities. Never use your personal profile for business transactions!

Verify Email Address: Go to Settings → Personal Information → Contact and add your business email. Click verification link sent by Facebook.
Add Mobile Number: In same Settings section, add your business mobile number. Enable two-factor authentication for security.
Privacy Settings: Settings → Privacy → Set "Who can see your friends list?" to Only Me. Keep personal profile separate from business activities.
⚠️ Critical Warning

Facebook's policy prohibits using personal profiles for business purposes. Violation can lead to permanent account ban. Always create a separate Facebook Page for business activities.

๐Ÿข Facebook Business Page (Fan Page)

What is a Facebook Page?

A public profile created specifically for businesses, brands, or organizations. Unlike personal profiles, Pages:

  • ✅ Allow unlimited followers (no friend limits)
  • ✅ Provide business analytics (Page Insights)
  • ✅ Enable customer reviews and ratings
  • ✅ Support Facebook Shops for e-commerce
  • ✅ Allow team member access with role permissions

๐Ÿ› ️ How to Create a Page (Step-by-Step)

From your Facebook homepage, click Menu (☰) → Pages → Create New Page
Enter Page Name (see naming tips below), select Business or Brand category
Add business details: Address (for Nuwara Eliya shop), phone number, website (if available)
Upload professional profile picture (logo) and cover photo (showcasing services)
Complete Page Verification (blue checkmark) for trust and SEO benefits

๐Ÿ” SEO-Optimized Naming Strategy (Mobile Repair Example)

✅ GOOD Page Names for Nuwara Eliya Mobile Shop:

Option 1: "Nuwara Eliya Mobile Repair Hub" → Includes location + service + brandable term

Option 2: "TechFix Nuwara Eliya - Phone Repair & Sales" → Brand name + location + services

Option 3: "Nuwara Eliya Phone Doctor" → Memorable + location-specific

SEO TIP: Facebook search prioritizes exact keyword matches. Include:

  • ๐Ÿ“ Location: "Nuwara Eliya", "Nuwara", "Little England"
  • ๐Ÿ“ฑ Services: "Mobile Repair", "Phone Repair", "Screen Replacement"
  • ๐Ÿ›’ Products: "Mobile Shop", "Phone Sales", "Second Hand Phones"
❌ AVOID These Naming Mistakes

"Best Phone Repair!! ๐Ÿ˜๐Ÿ’ฏ" → Emojis/symbols hurt SEO

"Mobile Repair Shop (Call 0771234567)" → Phone numbers in name look spammy

"Nuwara Eliya Mobile Repair Shop #1 Top Rated Best" → Keyword stuffing violates Facebook policies

๐Ÿ’ก Best Practices to Maximize Engagement

๐Ÿ“ธ Visual Content Rule

Posts with videos get 5x more engagement than text posts. Show repair process timelapses!

⏰ Optimal Posting Times

For Nuwara Eliya: 7-9 PM (after work) & 11 AM-1 PM (lunch break). Use Page Insights to confirm.

๐Ÿ’ฌ Engagement Strategy

Reply to ALL comments within 1 hour. Facebook's algorithm rewards pages with fast response rates.

๐Ÿท️ Hashtag Strategy

Use 2-3 location-specific hashtags: #NuwaraEliya #NuwaraMobileRepair #SriLankaTech

๐Ÿ’ฐ Monetization Options

Pages with 10,000+ followers can access:

  • ✅ In-stream ads (short ads during your videos)
  • ✅ Fan subscriptions (monthly supporter payments)
  • ✅ Branded content partnerships
  • ✅ Facebook Shops (sell directly on Page)

Pro Tip: For mobile repair shops, focus on lead generation (calls/messages) rather than direct monetization. Track conversions with Facebook Pixel.

๐Ÿ‘ฅ Facebook Group for Business

What is a Facebook Group?

A community space where members share content around a common interest. For businesses:

  • ✅ Builds loyal customer community
  • ✅ Higher organic reach than Pages (members see 5-10x more posts)
  • ✅ Enables peer-to-peer support (customers help each other)
  • ✅ Perfect for exclusive offers and feedback collection

๐Ÿ› ️ How to Create a Business Group

Click Menu (☰) → Groups → Create New Group
Name group strategically: "Nuwara Eliya Mobile Users Community" (not "Buy Phones Here" – sounds spammy)
Set privacy to Private (recommended for business) – members must request to join
Add 5-10 founding members (friends/family) to create initial activity
Create Group rules pinned to top: "No spam", "Respect others", "Post repair questions here"

๐Ÿš€ Growth & Engagement Strategy

๐Ÿ“ฑ Mobile Repair Group Example Activities:

Weekly: "Tip Tuesday" – Share phone maintenance tips

Monthly: "Member Discount Day" – 15% off for group members who show membership

Daily: Answer 3+ technical questions to position yourself as expert

Special: "Broken Phone Photo Contest" – Most creative broken phone photo wins free screen repair

✅ DO: Value-First Approach

80% educational content (tips, tutorials), 20% promotional content

❌ DON'T: Hard Selling

Never post "BUY NOW!" daily. Groups hate pure sales pitches.

✅ DO: Member Spotlights

Feature customers who fixed phones: "Meet Saman who revived his water-damaged iPhone!"

✅ DO: Polls & Questions

"What's your biggest phone frustration?" → Generates 3x more comments than standard posts

๐Ÿ” SEO & Discoverability

Unlike Pages, Groups have limited SEO value on Google. However:

  • ✅ Facebook Search indexes Group names and descriptions
  • ✅ Use keywords in Group description: "Mobile repair community for Nuwara Eliya residents"
  • ✅ Enable "Suggest this group to others" in settings
  • ✅ Cross-promote in your Page posts: "Join our repair community group!"

๐Ÿ›’ Facebook Marketplace

What is Marketplace?

Facebook's built-in classifieds platform for buying/selling locally. Perfect for mobile shops to:

  • ✅ Sell refurbished phones
  • ✅ Clear old inventory
  • ✅ Offer repair services (list as "service" item)
  • ✅ Source parts from other sellers

๐Ÿ› ️ How to List Items (Step-by-Step)

Tap Marketplace icon (๐Ÿ›’) → Sell Something → Item for Sale
Photos: Upload 5+ high-quality photos (front, back, sides, screen on, IMEI number)
Title: "iPhone 11 64GB - Excellent Condition - Nuwara Eliya" (include model, storage, condition, location)
Price: Research similar listings. For repairs: "Screen Replacement - Rs. 3,500"
Description: Include: IMEI check result, battery health %, warranty period, pickup location in Nuwara Eliya
Category: Select "Electronics → Cell Phones" or "Services → Repair Services"

Maximize Reach & Sales

๐ŸŒ… Refresh Listings Daily

Repost items every 24 hours. Facebook's algorithm favors fresh listings.

๐Ÿ“ Hyper-Local Targeting

Set location to "Nuwara Eliya" – buyers prefer same-city sellers for quick pickup.

๐Ÿ’ฌ Quick Response = More Sales

Respond to inquiries within 15 minutes. Fast responders get 3x more sales.

⭐ Build Trust

Complete your seller profile with business Page link and positive reviews.

๐Ÿ“ฑ Repair Service Listing Example:

Title: "Professional Phone Screen Replacement - Nuwara Eliya - 30 Min Service"

Price: Rs. 2,500 - 4,500 (depending on model)

Description: "✅ Genuine parts only ✅ 3-month warranty ✅ Ready in 30 minutes ✅ Free diagnostics ✅ Shop location: Near Post Office, Nuwara Eliya ✅ Call/WhatsApp: 077XXXXXXX"

๐Ÿ’ฐ Facebook Ads (Paid Promotion)

What are Facebook Ads?

Paid promotions that show your content to targeted audiences beyond your followers. Essential for:

  • ✅ Getting first 100 customers quickly
  • ✅ Promoting special offers (e.g., "Monsoon Season Screen Protection")
  • ✅ Targeting people searching for repairs in Nuwara Eliya
  • ✅ Remarketing to website visitors

๐Ÿš€ Beginner's Ad Setup Guide

Go to Facebook Ads Manager (business.facebook.com)
Click + Create → Select objective: "Messages" (for repair shops) or "Store Traffic"
Targeting: Location: "Nuwara Eliya" (8km radius), Age: 18-65, Interests: "Smartphones", "Mobile accessories"
Budget: Start with Rs. 500/day for 7 days (test budget)
Ad Creative: Use video showing quick repair process with text overlay: "Broken Screen? Fixed in 30 mins in Nuwara Eliya!"
Call-to-Action: Button: "Send Message" → Pre-filled message: "Hi, I need screen repair for my [phone model]"

๐Ÿ’ก Pro Tips for Mobile Repair Shops

๐ŸŽฏ Hyper-Local Targeting

Target only 3-5km radius around Nuwara Eliya town for walk-in customers.

๐Ÿ“ฑ Device Targeting

Target users with older iPhone models (iPhone 7-10) – most likely to need repairs.

⏰ Time Targeting

Run ads 4-8 PM when people discover phone damage after work/day activities.

๐Ÿ’ฐ Offer-Based Ads

"First-time customer? Get 20% off screen repair" converts 3x better than generic ads.

⚠️ Critical Ad Policy Reminder

Never promise "100% guaranteed repair" – Facebook bans ads making unrealistic guarantees. Say "professional repair service with 3-month warranty" instead.

๐Ÿ“Š Tracking Success

For Rs. 500/day ad spend, expect:

  • ✅ 500-1,000 people reached daily
  • ✅ 15-30 messages/calls daily
  • ✅ 3-8 actual repair jobs daily (conversion rate: 10-25%)
  • ✅ Break-even at 2-3 repairs/day (if average repair = Rs. 2,500)

Key Metric: Cost Per Lead (CPL) should be under Rs. 150 for profitable mobile repair ads in Sri Lanka.

✨ Integrated Strategy for Nuwara Eliya Mobile Shop

๐Ÿ“ฑ Your 30-Day Action Plan:

Week 1: Create professional Page + verify with business documents

Week 2: Post 3x/week: 1 repair video, 1 tip graphic, 1 customer testimonial

Week 3: Launch Marketplace listings for 5 refurbished phones + repair services

Week 4: Start Rs. 300/day ad campaign targeting Nuwara Eliya residents with "Screen Repair Special"

Ongoing: Create Group for customers to share tips & get exclusive offers

๐Ÿš€ Remember: Consistency Beats Perfection!

Posting daily for 30 days with average content beats posting once/week with "perfect" content.

Your first 100 customers come from showing up consistently – not from viral posts!

Tuesday, February 10, 2026

CSOP and CPOS Functions | GCE A/L )/L ICT | Unit 4 | Boolean Logic and Digital Circuit | in English Tamil | เฎคเฎฎிเฎดிเฎฒ் Medium Notes Questions and Answers

Min Terms & Max Terms - Boolean Logic Explained | GCE A/L ICT Sri Lanka

[Boolean Logic] SOP/POS Terms Explained

GCE A/L ICT – Sri Lanka | Beginner Friendly Guide with Examples & Exercises

๐Ÿ’ก Teacher's Tip: Min Terms and Max Terms are two sides of the same coin. Master them once — and K-Maps, SOP/POS forms will become easy!

9. CSOP and CPOS - The Canonical Forms

๐Ÿ”ฅ Key Distinction:
CSOP = Canonical Sum of Products = Sum (OR) of ALL Min Terms where F=1
CPOS = Canonical Product of Sums = Product (AND) of ALL Max Terms where F=0

What is CSOP?

  • CSOP stands for Canonical Sum of Products
  • It's the standard form where the function is expressed as the sum (OR) of ALL minterms where F=1
  • Each minterm contains ALL variables in either true or complemented form
  • Also called "Full SOP" or "Standard SOP"
Example 1: F(X,Y,Z) = X'Y + XY'Z + XYZ

Step 1: Expand each term to include ALL variables

• X'Y = X'Y(Z + Z') = X'YZ + X'YZ'

• XY'Z = XY'Z (already has all 3 variables)

• XYZ = XYZ (already has all 3 variables)

Step 2: Combine all minterms

F = X'YZ + X'YZ' + XY'Z + XYZ

Step 3: Convert to minterm notation

X'YZ = 011 → m₃

X'YZ' = 010 → m₂

XY'Z = 101 → m₅

XYZ = 111 → m₇

CSOP: F = ฮฃm(2,3,5,7)

What is CPOS?

  • CPOS stands for Canonical Product of Sums
  • It's the standard form where the function is expressed as the product (AND) of ALL maxterms where F=0
  • Each maxterm contains ALL variables in either true or complemented form
  • Also called "Full POS" or "Standard POS"
Example 2: F(X,Y,Z) = (X+Y)(X'+Z)(Y+Z)

Step 1: Expand each term to include ALL variables

• (X+Y) = (X+Y+Z)(X+Y+Z')

• (X'+Z) = (X'+Y+Z)(X'+Y'+Z)

• (Y+Z) = (X+Y+Z)(X'+Y+Z)

Step 2: Combine all maxterms (remove duplicates)

F = (X+Y+Z)(X+Y+Z')(X'+Y+Z)(X'+Y'+Z)

Step 3: Convert to maxterm notation

X+Y+Z = 000 → M₀

X+Y+Z' = 001 → M₁

X'+Y+Z = 010 → M₂

X'+Y'+Z = 011 → M₃

CPOS: F = ฮ M(0,1,2,3)

CSOP vs SSOP (Simplified SOP)

  • CSOP: All terms have ALL variables (canonical form)
  • SSOP: Some terms may have fewer variables (simplified form)
Example 3: F(X,Y,Z) = X'Y + XYZ

CSOP: F = X'Y(Z+Z') + XYZ = X'YZ + X'YZ' + XYZ = ฮฃm(2,3,7)

SSOP: F = X'Y + XYZ (not all terms have all 3 variables)

Key Difference: SSOP is simplified and shorter, but CSOP is complete and systematic

Converting CSOP to CPOS (Step-by-Step)

Example 4: Convert F = ฮฃm(1,3,5,6,7) to CPOS form

Step 1: Identify total number of possible terms

3 variables → 2³ = 8 terms (0 to 7)

Step 2: Find which terms are NOT in CSOP

CSOP has m₁, m₃, m₅, m₆, m₇

Missing terms: m₀, m₂, m₄

Step 3: These missing terms become the maxterms in CPOS

Missing minterms → m₀, m₂, m₄

Corresponding maxterms → M₀, M₂, M₄

Step 4: Write CPOS

F = ฮ M(0,2,4)

Why? Because CSOP = 1 for m₁,m₃,m₅,m₆,m₇ → CPOS = 0 for m₀,m₂,m₄

⚠️ Critical Note: CSOP and CPOS are NOT the same function! They represent the same logical function but in different canonical forms. CSOP focuses on when F=1, while CPOS focuses on when F=0.

10. Deriving Functions from Truth Tables

๐Ÿ“ Step-by-Step Method:
1. Create truth table with all variables
2. For CSOP: Find rows where F=1
3. For each such row, write the minterm
4. OR all minterms together
5. For CPOS: Find rows where F=0
6. For each such row, write the maxterm
7. AND all maxterms together
Example 5: Derive CSOP for F(X,Y,Z) from truth table
XYZF
0000
0011
0100
0111
1001
1010
1101
1111

Step 1: Find rows where F=1 → Rows 1, 3, 4, 6, 7

Step 2: Write minterms for these rows

Row 1 (0,0,1): X'Y'Z = m₁

Row 3 (0,1,1): X'YZ = m₃

Row 4 (1,0,0): XY'Z' = m₄

Row 6 (1,1,0): XYZ' = m₆

Row 7 (1,1,1): XYZ = m₇

Step 3: Write CSOP

F = m₁ + m₃ + m₄ + m₆ + m₇ = ฮฃm(1,3,4,6,7)

Step 4: Write CPOS (find rows where F=0)

F=0 for rows 0, 2, 5 → M₀, M₂, M₅

F = ฮ M(0,2,5)

⚠️ Common Mistake: Students often confuse the row numbers. Remember:
  • For minterms: Row 0 = 000 = m₀, Row 1 = 001 = m₁, etc.
  • For maxterms: Row 0 = 000 = M₀, Row 1 = 001 = M₁, etc.

11. More Practice Exercises (With Answers)

Exercise 4

Find CSOP for F(x,y,z) = (x'y) + (xy')

✅ Click to see answer

Solution:

Step 1: Expand each term to include all 3 variables

x'y = x'y(z + z') = x'yz + x'yz'

xy' = xy'(z + z') = xy'z + xy'z'

Step 2: Combine all minterms

F = x'yz + x'yz' + xy'z + xy'z'

Step 3: Convert to minterm numbers

x'yz = 011 → m₃

x'yz' = 010 → m₂

xy'z = 101 → m₅

xy'z' = 100 → m₄

CSOP: F = ฮฃm(2,3,4,5)

Exercise 5

Convert F = ฮฃm(2,4,5,6,7) to CPOS form

✅ Click to see answer

Solution:

Step 1: Total terms for 3 variables = 8 (0-7)

Step 2: Find missing minterms

Present: m₂, m₄, m₅, m₆, m₇

Missing: m₀, m₁, m₃

Step 3: Convert missing minterms to maxterms

Missing minterms → m₀, m₁, m₃

Corresponding maxterms → M₀, M₁, M₃

CPOS: F = ฮ M(0,1,3)

Exercise 6

Derive CSOP and CPOS from the following truth table:

XYZF
0001
0010
0101
0111
1000
1011
1100
1111
✅ Click to see answer

Solution:

CSOP: Find rows where F=1 → Rows 0, 2, 3, 5, 7

Row 0: X'Y'Z' = m₀

Row 2: X'YZ' = m₂

Row 3: X'YZ = m₃

Row 5: XY'Z = m₅

Row 7: XYZ = m₇

CSOP: F = ฮฃm(0,2,3,5,7)

CPOS: Find rows where F=0 → Rows 1, 4, 6

Row 1: X'Y'Z = M₁

Row 4: XY'Z' = M₄

Row 6: XYZ' = M₆

CPOS: F = ฮ M(1,4,6)

Exercise 7

Given F(x,y,z) = ฮฃm(1,3,5,6,7), find:

(a) The truth table

(b) The CPOS form

✅ Click to see answer

Solution:

(a) Truth table:

XYZF
0000
0011
0100
0111
1000
1011
1101
1111

(b) CPOS form:

F=0 for rows 0, 2, 4 → M₀, M₂, M₄

CPOS: F = ฮ M(0,2,4)

Exercise 8

Given F(x,y,z) = ฮ M(0,4,6,8,10,12,14,15), find CSOP

✅ Click to see answer

Solution:

Step 1: Total terms for 4 variables = 16 (0-15)

Step 2: Find missing maxterms

Present: M₀, M₄, M₆, M₈, M₁₀, M₁₂, M₁₄, M₁₅

Missing: M₁, M₂, M₃, M₅, M₇, M₉, M₁₁, M₁₃

Step 3: Convert missing maxterms to minterms

Missing maxterms → M₁, M₂, M₃, M₅, M₇, M₉, M₁₁, M₁₃

Corresponding minterms → m₁, m₂, m₃, m₅, m₇, m₉, m₁₁, m₁₃

CSOP: F = ฮฃm(1,2,3,5,7,9,11,13)

Exercise from your Image

F(x,y,z) = ฮฃm(1,3,5,6,7)

F(x,y,z) = ฮฃm(2,4,5,6,7)

F(x,y,z) = ฮ M(0,4,6,8,10,12,14,15)

Solutions:

1. F = ฮฃm(1,3,5,6,7) → CPOS = ฮ M(0,2,4)

2. F = ฮฃm(2,4,5,6,7) → CPOS = ฮ M(0,1,3)

3. F = ฮ M(0,4,6,8,10,12,14,15) → CSOP = ฮฃm(1,2,3,5,7,9,11,13)

9. Quick Summary Cheat Sheet

  • Min Term = AND of all variables → Output = 1 for ONE row → Notation: m₀, m₁...
  • Max Term = OR of all variables → Output = 0 for ONE row → Notation: M₀, M₁...
  • CSOP = Sum (OR) of ALL Min Terms where F=1 → ฮฃm(...)
  • CPOS = Product (AND) of ALL Max Terms where F=0 → ฮ M(...)
  • SSOP = Simplified SOP (not all terms have all variables)
  • SPOS = Simplified POS (not all terms have all variables)
  • ✓ For n variables: Total terms = 2โฟ
  • ✓ Min/Max conversion: Missing terms swap between ฮฃm and ฮ M
  • ✓ mแตข = (Mแตข)' → They are complements!
๐Ÿ“š A/L Exam Tip: When asked to "express in canonical form":
  • If given SOP → Expand to Min Terms → Write ฮฃm(...)
  • If given POS → Expand to Max Terms → Write ฮ M(...)

Prepared with care for Sri Lankan A/L ICT Students | Practice Truth Tables Daily!