GCE A/L ICT Unit 7 - System Analysis & Design Exam Questions and Answers

📘 GCE A/L ICT Unit 7

System Analysis & Design

Comprehensive exam-focused notes for Sri Lankan GCE Advanced Level ICT

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📌 Introduction & Information Systems

Unit 7: System Analysis & Design is one of the most important units in GCE A/L ICT (Sri Lanka Local Syllabus). It is heavily tested in MCQ, structured, and essay questions.

🔹 What is an Information System?

An Information System is a collection of people, hardware, software, procedures, and data that work together to process data into meaningful information.

Key Idea:
Input → Processing → Output (Information)

🔹 Components of an Information System

Component	Description	Example
People	Users, operators, developers	Teachers, students, IT staff
Hardware	Physical devices	Computers, servers, printers
Software	Programs and applications	Operating systems, DBMS, apps
Procedures	Rules and instructions	User manuals, backup policies
Data	Raw facts and figures	Student records, marks, attendance

🔄 SDLC – System Development Life Cycle

SDLC Definition: A structured process used to develop information systems efficiently through defined phases.

🔹 The 8 Phases of SDLC (In Order)

1. Planning
   • Identify problem/need
   • Define project scope
   • Allocate resources
2. Feasibility Study
   • Evaluate if project is practical
   • Check TELOS factors
   • Decide: Proceed or stop?
3. System Analysis
   • Study current system
   • Gather user requirements
   • Create Requirement Specification Document
4. System Design
   • Design database (ERD)
   • Create DFDs
   • Design UI/UX mockups
5. Development
   • Write actual code
   • Build database
   • Integrate modules
6. Testing
   • Find and fix bugs
   • Unit, integration, system testing
   • User acceptance testing (UAT)
7. Implementation
   • Deploy system for real use
   • Train users
   • Migrate data from old system
8. Maintenance
   • Fix post-launch issues
   • Apply updates and patches
   • Add new features as needed

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the 8 phases IN ORDER. A common 4-5 mark question asks you to list and briefly explain them. Use mnemonic: "Please Find Smart Developers Testing In Modern Labs"

📊 Feasibility Study (TELOS)

🔹 Purpose of Feasibility Study

❓ Key Question: "Is this system worth developing?"
Evaluates if the project is practical, affordable, and achievable before committing resources.

🔹 TELOS Feasibility Factors

Factor	Key Question	Example
Technical 🔧	Do we have the technology & skills?	Need mobile app developers, cloud server access
Economic 💰	Do benefits exceed costs?	Cost: Rs.500k | Benefit: Rs.1.2M over 4 years → ✅ Feasible
Legal ⚖️	Does it comply with laws?	Data protection laws, software licensing requirements
Operational 👥	Will users accept and use it?	Can teachers learn the new system without extensive training?
Schedule 📅	Can it be completed on time?	Can we finish before the next academic year begins?

🔹 Economic Feasibility Formula

Project is feasible if:
Expected Total Benefits > Development Cost + Operational Costs

Example Calculation:

• 💸 Development Cost: Rs. 500,000
• 📈 Annual Benefit: Rs. 300,000 × 4 years = Rs. 1,200,000
• ✅ Net Gain: Rs. 700,000 → Project is economically feasible!

🎯 Exam Trick: If asked "Explain feasibility study", use the TELOS structure + one calculation example for full marks. Always link each factor to a real-world scenario.

🔍 Fact-Finding Techniques

🔹 Purpose

Techniques used during System Analysis to gather accurate information about user requirements and current system problems.

🔹 Four Main Techniques

Technique	Advantages	Disadvantages	Best Used When
Interviews	• Detailed information • Clarification possible • Builds rapport	• Time-consuming • Expensive • Interviewer bias possible	Small group of key users; complex requirements
Questionnaires	• Fast data collection • Reaches many users • Cheap to distribute	• Low response quality • Misunderstandings possible • No immediate clarification	Large user base; simple, structured questions
Observation	• Real environment analysis • Accurate process understanding • Unbiased data	• Time-consuming • Users may behave differently • Cannot observe thoughts	Understanding actual workflow; verifying reported processes
Document Study	• Reliable historical data • No user interruption • Verifies other findings	• May be outdated • Incomplete records • Time to analyze	Understanding existing procedures; validating user claims

💡 Exam Trick: If question says "compare" or "discuss", ALWAYS give advantages + disadvantages for each method. Use a table format if allowed for clarity and full marks.

🔷 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)

🔹 What is a DFD?

A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation showing how data moves through a system – from input, through processes, to output and storage.

🔹 DFD Symbols (MEMORIZE FOR EXAMS)

Symbol	Name	Meaning	Example
○ Circle	Process	Transforms input to output	"Calculate Marks", "Validate Login"
➜ Arrow	Data Flow	Movement of data	"Student Details", "Payment Info"
▭ Rectangle	External Entity	Source/destination outside system	Student, Admin, Bank, Supplier
▭▭ Open Rectangle	Data Store	Where data is stored	Student File, Database, Transaction Log

🔹 Levels of DFD

• Context Diagram (Level 0): Entire system as ONE process + external entities only. NO data stores or internal processes.
• Level 1 DFD: Breaks system into major sub-processes with data stores and flows.
• Level 2+ DFD: Further decomposition of individual processes from Level 1.

🔹 Context Diagram – EXAM CRITICAL

✅ What it Shows:

• The whole system as a single process (one circle)
• All external entities interacting with it (rectangles)
• Data flows between entities and system (labeled arrows)

🔹 How to Draw: 4 Simple Steps

1. Identify the System
   Example: [ Library Management System ]
2. Identify External Entities
   Example: [Student] [Librarian] [Supplier]
3. Map Inputs & Outputs

   Entity	Input to System	Output from System
   Student	Book request, Return book	Confirmation, Due date, Fine notice
   Librarian	Add book, Update record	Report, Inventory list

4. Draw Labeled Arrows
   [Student] → Borrow Request → [System] → Confirmation → [Student]

🔹 Critical Rules (MCQ Gold)

✔ MUST DO:

• Only ONE process circle (the whole system)
• NO internal processes or data stores
• ALL external entities must be shown
• EVERY arrow must have a clear descriptive label
• Arrows show direction of data flow

❌ AVOID THESE MISTAKES:

• Drawing multiple process circles ❌
• Adding database/data store symbols ❌
• Unlabeled or ambiguously labeled arrows ❌
• Missing key entities mentioned in question ❌
• Arrows with no direction or bidirectional without justification ❌

🎯 Exam Focus: Context Diagram questions appear almost every year (6-10 marks). Practice drawing for: Library System, School Admission, Hospital Appointment, Bank ATM.

📄 DFD Past Paper Questions + Answers

🔹 Question 1: Context Diagram

Q: Draw a Context Diagram for a Library Management System. (6 marks)

✅ Model Answer Structure:

1. Center: [ Library Management System ] (single process circle)
2. External Entities (rectangles around system):
   • Student
   • Librarian
   • Supplier (optional but good to include)
3. Data Flows (labeled arrows):
   • Student → System: Borrow request, Return book, Fine payment
   • System → Student: Book details, Due date, Fine notice, Confirmation
   • Librarian → System: Add book, Update record, Generate report
   • System → Librarian: Overdue list, Inventory report, Member status
   • Supplier → System: New books list, Price update
   • System → Supplier: Order request, Payment confirmation

✨ Marking criteria: 1 mark for correct single process, 1 mark per entity (max 3), 1 mark per correctly labeled flow (max 3)

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🔹 Question 2: Level 0 DFD

Q: Draw Level 0 DFD for a School Admission System. (8 marks)

✅ Model Answer Structure:

Processes (numbered circles):

• 1.0 Receive Application
• 2.0 Verify Documents
• 3.0 Process Application
• 4.0 Generate Admission Result

Data Stores (open rectangles):

• D1: Application File
• D2: Student Database
• D3: Result Log

Key Data Flows:

• Parent → 1.0: Completed application form
• 1.0 → D1: Store application details
• 2.0 → D2: Check student eligibility
• 3.0 → 4.0: Approved application data
• 4.0 → Parent: Admission letter / Rejection notice

✨ Marking criteria: Correct symbols (2), Proper numbering 1.0, 2.0... (2), Balanced flows (2), Labeled arrows (2)

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🔹 Question 3: DFD Symbols

Q: Identify and explain the four symbols used in DFD. (4 marks)

✅ Model Answer:

Symbol	Name	Purpose
○ Circle	Process	Represents an action that transforms input data into output data
➜ Arrow	Data Flow	Shows the movement of data between processes, entities, and stores
▭ Rectangle	External Entity	Represents a person, organization, or system outside the boundary that interacts with the system
▭▭ Open Rectangle	Data Store	Represents a location where data is stored for later use (file, database, etc.)

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🔹 Question 4: Context vs Level 0 DFD

Q: Differentiate between a Context Diagram and a Level 0 DFD. (4 marks)

✅ Model Answer:

Context Diagram	Level 0 DFD
Shows the whole system as ONE single process	Breaks the system into multiple main sub-processes
NO internal processes shown	Internal processes ARE shown and numbered (1.0, 2.0...)
NO data stores included	Data stores ARE included (open rectangles)
Highest level, shows system boundaries only	First level of decomposition, shows major data flows internally

🧪 System Testing & Conversion

🔹 Types of System Testing

Testing Type	Purpose	Performed By	When
Unit Testing	Test individual modules/functions in isolation	Programmers/Developers	During development phase
Integration Testing	Test combined modules working together	Developers + Testers	After unit testing, before system test
System Testing	Test complete integrated system against requirements	Independent testing team	After integration, before user acceptance
Acceptance Testing (UAT)	Verify system meets user needs and is ready for launch	End users / Client	Final stage before implementation

🔹 System Conversion Methods

Method	How It Works	Advantages	Disadvantages	Best For
Direct Changeover	Old system stopped; new system starts immediately on a set date	• Fast • Low cost • No dual maintenance	• High risk • No fallback option • Users unprepared	Small, low-risk systems with simple data
Parallel Running	Old and new systems run simultaneously for a period	• Safer • Easy comparison • Fallback available	• Expensive • Double workload • Staff confusion possible	Critical systems (banks, hospitals, exam systems)
Pilot Running	Implemented in one department/branch first, then rolled out	• Reduced risk • Real-world testing • Lessons for full rollout	• Slower full implementation • Pilot group may feel burdened	Large organizations with multiple branches
Phased Implementation	Modules/functions replaced gradually over time	• Easier management • Users adapt gradually • Problems isolated	• Takes longer • Temporary interfaces needed • Complex coordination	Complex modular systems (ERP, school management)

🎯 Exam Answer Template:
"For a hospital patient record system, I would recommend Parallel Running because:
✓ Critical patient data must not be lost or corrupted
✓ Old system can run as backup during transition
✓ Medical staff can be trained gradually while still using familiar system
✓ Any errors in new system can be fixed without stopping patient care"

🔧 System Maintenance & Exam Focus

🔹 Types of System Maintenance

Type	Purpose	Example
Corrective Maintenance	Fixing errors, bugs, or faults discovered after launch	Fixing a calculation error in the grading module
Adaptive Maintenance	Adapting system to changes in environment or requirements	Updating system to comply with new data protection law
Perfective Maintenance	Improving performance, usability, or adding new features	Adding mobile app access to existing web-based system
Preventive Maintenance	Preventing future problems through proactive measures	Regular database optimization to prevent slowdowns

🔹 Exam Focus Areas (High Frequency Topics)

⭐ Topics That Appear Almost Every Year:

• SDLC phases – List, explain, or put in order (4-8 marks)
• Feasibility Study (TELOS) – Explain factors with examples (5-10 marks)
• DFD Drawing – Context Diagram or Level 0 DFD (6-15 marks)
• Fact-Finding Techniques – Compare advantages/disadvantages (5-10 marks)
• Testing Types – Define and differentiate (4-8 marks)
• Conversion Methods – Explain with suitable examples (5-10 marks)
• Maintenance Types – Define with examples (3-6 marks)

🔹 Quick Revision Checklist

Topic	Key Point to Remember
SDLC Order	Planning → Feasibility → Analysis → Design → Development → Testing → Implementation → Maintenance
TELOS	Technical, Economic, Legal, Operational, Schedule – one question per factor
Context Diagram	ONE process, NO data stores, ALL entities shown, EVERY arrow labeled
DFD Symbols	Circle=Process, Arrow=Flow, Rectangle=Entity, Open Rect=Store
Testing Sequence	Unit → Integration → System → Acceptance (in that order)
Conversion Risk	Direct = Highest risk, Parallel = Safest but costliest
Maintenance	Corrective=Fix bugs, Adaptive=Change for environment, Perfective=Improve

🧠 FINAL EXAM DAY REMINDERS

👉 For DFD Questions:
✓ Draw neatly with pencil & ruler
✓ Label EVERY arrow with descriptive data name
✓ Use correct symbols ONLY (no databases in Context Diagram!)
✓ Show ALL external entities mentioned in question
✓ Keep Context Diagram as ONE process box only

👉 For Essay Questions:
✓ Start with clear definition
✓ Use structured paragraphs with topic sentences
✓ Include relevant local examples (school, bank, hospital)
✓ End with brief conclusion linking to real-world value

✨ You've prepared well. Trust your knowledge. All the best! ✨

FIT303 short notes BIT study roadmap Beginner mathematical foundation guide Complete formula sheet & cheat sheet university of colombo school of computing

📐 UCSC FIT 303 – Mathematics for ICT

Detailed Syllabus Explanation for Beginners

University of Colombo School of Computing – FIT Programme

FIT 303 is the core mathematics subject of the Foundation in Information Technology (FIT) programme. It is specially designed for:

• Students entering the BIT external degree
• Beginners in mathematics & students from non-maths streams
• Learners who need logical & analytical thinking skills for ICT careers

Core Focus Areas: Mathematical thinking • Problem solving • Logic • Statistics • Probability • Functions • Number systems used in computing

According to the UCSC FIT syllabus, FIT 303 contains 15 major topics.

📋 Quick Navigation

1. Introduction to Numbers & Arithmetic 2. Indices & Logarithms 3. Number Systems 4. Ratios & Proportions 5. Algebraic Expressions 6. Equations 7. Inequalities 8. Measurements 9. Sets 10. Relations 11. Functions 12. Common Functions & Graphs 13. Mathematical Reasoning 14. Fundamentals of Statistics 15. Introduction to Probability

1️⃣ Introduction to Numbers and Arithmetic

Builds the mathematical foundation required for computing and programming.

📘 Sub-Topics:

• 1.1 Number Types: Natural, Whole, Integers, Rational, Irrational, Real numbers
• 1.2 Basic Arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division
• 1.3 Order of Operations: BODMAS / PEMDAS rule, Brackets, Powers, Precedence
• 1.4 Fractions & Decimals: Simplifying, Decimal conversion, Mixed fractions
• 1.5 Percentages: Increase/Decrease, Profit & loss calculations
• 1.6 Factors & Multiples: Prime numbers, Prime factorization, LCM, HCF

2️⃣ Indices and Logarithms

Very important for computing, algorithms, and data science.

📘 Sub-Topics:

• 2.1 Indices (Powers): Positive, Negative, Fractional powers
• 2.2 Laws of Indices: a^m × aⁿ = a^m+n | Division laws | Power of a power | Zero index
• 2.3 Scientific Notation: Standard form, Large/Small number representation
• 2.4 Logarithms: Definition, Common logs (base 10), Natural logs (base e)
• 2.5 Laws of Logarithms: log(ab) = log a + log b | Division law | Power law | Changing bases

3️⃣ Number Systems

⭐ One of the most important ICT-related mathematics topics.

📘 Sub-Topics:

• 3.1 Decimal System: Base 10, Place values
• 3.2 Binary System: Base 2, Binary counting, Binary arithmetic
• 3.3 Octal System: Base 8 conversions
• 3.4 Hexadecimal System: Base 16, Hex symbols (0-9, A-F)
• 3.5 Number Conversions: Decimal ↔ Binary, Binary ↔ Hex, Octal conversions
• 3.6 Binary Arithmetic: Binary addition & subtraction
• 3.7 Logic & Digital Concepts: Basic logic understanding, Binary use in computers

4️⃣ Ratios and Proportions

• 4.1 Ratios: Simplifying ratios, Comparing quantities
• 4.2 Proportions: Direct proportion, Inverse proportion
• 4.3 Rates: Speed, Unit pricing, Productivity calculations
• 4.4 Applications: Map scales, Financial calculations, ICT-related examples

5️⃣ Algebraic Expressions

Very important for programming and logical thinking.

• 5.1 Algebra Basics: Variables, Constants, Terms, Coefficients
• 5.2 Simplifying: Like terms, Expansion, Factorization
• 5.3 Algebraic Identities: (a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b² | Difference of squares | Expansion techniques
• 5.4 Polynomials: Degree, Polynomial operations

6️⃣ Equations

• 6.1 Linear Equations: One-variable equations, Solving methods
• 6.2 Simultaneous Equations: Elimination method, Substitution method
• 6.3 Quadratic Equations: Factorization method, Quadratic formula: x = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / 2a
• 6.4 Word Problems: Translating real-world problems into equations

7️⃣ Inequalities

• 7.1 Linear Inequalities: Greater than / less than, Interval notation
• 7.2 Solving Inequalities: Algebraic methods, Graphical representation
• 7.3 Compound Inequalities: AND / OR inequalities

8️⃣ Measurements

• 8.1 Units: Length, Mass, Time, Temperature
• 8.2 Area & Volume: Rectangle & Circle area (A = πr²), Volume formulas, Surface area
• 8.3 Unit Conversions: Metric conversions, ICT storage units (KB, MB, GB, TB)
• 8.4 Geometry Basics: Perimeter, Surface area calculations

9️⃣ Sets

Very important for databases and programming logic.

• 9.1 Set Basics: Set notation, Elements, Universal set
• 9.2 Types of Sets: Empty sets, Finite sets, Infinite sets
• 9.3 Set Operations: Union (A ∪ B), Intersection, Difference
• 9.4 Venn Diagrams: Two-set & three-set diagrams

🔟 Relations

• 10.1 Ordered Pairs: Cartesian products
• 10.2 Relations: Domain, Range
• 10.3 Types of Relations: Reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive

1️⃣1️⃣ Functions

Extremely important for programming and computing.

• 11.1 Function Basics: Function notation, Mapping
• 11.2 Types of Functions: One-to-one, Onto, Many-to-one
• 11.3 Domain & Range: Input and output values
• 11.4 Composite Functions: Combining functions

1️⃣2️⃣ Common Functions and Their Graphs

• 12.1 Linear Functions: y = mx + b (slope & y-intercept)
• 12.2 Quadratic Functions: y = ax² + bx + c
• 12.3 Exponential Functions: Growth & decay functions
• 12.4 Graph Plotting: X-axis, Y-axis, Coordinates
• 12.5 Graph Interpretation: Slopes, Intercepts, Turning points

1️⃣3️⃣ Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning

• 13.1 Logic Statements: True/False statements
• 13.2 Logical Operators: AND, OR, NOT
• 13.3 Truth Tables: Constructing truth tables
• 13.4 Deductive Reasoning: Logical conclusions
• 13.5 Proof Basics: Direct proof, Contradictions

1️⃣4️⃣ Fundamentals of Statistics

Very important for data analysis and IT.

• 14.1 Data Collection: Primary vs Secondary data
• 14.2 Data Presentation: Tables, Bar charts, Pie charts, Histograms
• 14.3 Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode
• 14.4 Dispersion: Range, Variance, Standard deviation (z = (x - μ) / σ)
• 14.5 Interpretation: Trend analysis, Comparisons

1️⃣5️⃣ Introduction to Probability

• 15.1 Basics: Events, Sample space
• 15.2 Rules: P(A) = Favorable Outcomes / Total Outcomes
• 15.3 Conditional Probability: Dependent vs Independent events
• 15.4 Permutations & Combinations: Arrangements, Selections
• 15.5 Applications: Data analysis, Decision making, AI predictions

📝 FIT 303 Examination Structure

🖥️ e-Test (MCQ)
📚 Covers all theory & problem-solving concepts

✍️ Problem Solving
🔢 Mathematical calculations & logic-based questions

FIT 303 is mainly theory + calculations. Practical mathematical solving is heavily tested.

🎯 Most Important Areas for Exams

🔴 High Priority Topics

• Number systems (Binary/Hex)
• Algebra simplification
• Equations (Linear/Quadratic)
• Functions & Graphs
• Statistics & Probability
• Logarithms

🟡 Frequently Tested Areas

• Binary & Hex conversions
• Quadratic equation solving
• Set operations & Venn diagrams
• Graph plotting & interpretation
• Mean / Median / Mode

👨‍🏫 Lecturer's Advice for FIT 303

⚠️ Why Students Fail:

• Memorizing without practicing
• Ignoring mathematical fundamentals
• Fear of mathematics / Lack of confidence
• Not solving problems daily

✅ Best Study Method (Daily Practice Plan):

1. Learn one concept clearly
2. Solve 10–20 related questions
3. Review & correct mistakes immediately
4. Practice past papers under timed conditions
5. Revise formulas daily

💡 Best Strategy to Score High:

Focus heavily on Binary conversions, Algebra simplification, Graphs, Statistics calculations, and Probability basics.
Do not just memorize formulas. Understand: When to use them | Why they work | How to apply them.

🚀 FIT 303 → BIT Preparation Pathway

FIT 303 is extremely important because it prepares students for:

💻 Programming Logic 🔢 Algorithms 🗄️ Databases 📊 Data Science 📈 BIT Mathematics

✅ Strong FIT 303 knowledge makes BIT significantly easier.

📘 Official FIT Programme Structure:
FIT 103 – ICT Applications • FIT 203 – English for ICT • FIT 303 – Mathematics for ICT

📥 Want More FIT 303 Resources?

I can also provide:

• ✅ FIT 303 short notes (PDF)
• ✅ Complete formula sheet & cheat sheet
• ✅ FIT 303 past paper discussion & solutions
• ✅ Most repeated MCQs (topic-wise)
• ✅ Beginner mathematical foundation guide
• ✅ Binary/Hex conversion shortcuts
• ✅ Statistics shortcut methods
• ✅ Complete FIT 303 → BIT study roadmap

👉 Comment below or message me to get these FREE resources!

Tags: #UCSC #FIT303 #MathematicsForICT #BITDegree #SriLankaEducation #MathsForProgramming #Statistics #BinaryNumbers #Algebra #Probability

Last updated: May 2026 | For educational purposes only. Always refer to official UCSC materials and past papers for examination preparation.

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🎓 UCSC FIT 103 – ICT Applications

Detailed Syllabus Explanation for Beginners

University of Colombo School of Computing – FIT Programme

The University of Colombo School of Computing Foundation in Information Technology (FIT) programme is designed to build basic ICT knowledge for students who want to:

• Continue into the University of Colombo BIT external degree
• Work in the IT field with foundational skills

According to the official UCSC FIT structure, FIT 103 contains 8 major modules covering essential ICT applications.

📋 Quick Navigation

1. Computing for Society
2. Introduction to Computers
3. Word Processing
4. Spreadsheets
5. Multimedia & Presentations
6. Data & Databases
7. Internet & Web Applications
8. Programming Basics
9. Exam Structure & Tips

1️⃣ Computing for Society

How computers affect modern life, business, education, communication, and society.

📚 Sub-Topics:

• 1.1 Introduction to ICT
  • What is ICT? | Difference between IT and ICT
  • Uses & importance of ICT in modern society
  • ICT in education, banking, hospitals, government
• 1.2 Computer Generations
  • First generation → Vacuum tubes → Transistors → ICs → Modern AI-based computers
• 1.3 Types of Computers
  • Supercomputers | Mainframe | Mini computers | Microcomputers
  • Desktop vs Laptop | Mobile devices
• 1.4 ICT in Daily Life
  • Online learning | E-commerce | E-banking | Digital payments
  • Social media | Cloud systems
• 1.5 Computer Ethics & Security
  • Computer crimes | Piracy | Hacking | Data privacy
  • Cyber security basics | Ethical computer use
• 1.6 Health & Environmental Issues
  • Eye strain | Ergonomics | E-waste | Green computing

2️⃣ Introduction to Computers

Computer hardware and software fundamentals.

📚 Sub-Topics:

• 2.1 Basic Computer Architecture → Input, Output, CPU, Memory, Storage
• 2.2 Input Devices → Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Barcode reader, Touchscreen, Microphone
• 2.3 Output Devices → Monitor, Printer, Speakers, Projector
• 2.4 Storage Devices → HDD, SSD, USB drives, CDs/DVDs, Cloud storage
• 2.5 Computer Memory → RAM, ROM, Cache memory, Primary vs secondary memory
• 2.6 Software Concepts → System software, Application software, OS, Utility software
• 2.7 Operating Systems → Windows basics, File management, Folder operations, Control panel

3️⃣ Word Processing for Electronic Documents

Focus: Microsoft Word

📚 Sub-Topics:

• 3.1 Creating Documents → New docs, Saving, Opening, File formats (.docx, .pdf)
• 3.2 Editing → Copy/Paste, Cut, Undo/Redo, Find & Replace
• 3.3 Text Formatting → Fonts, Size, Bold/Italic/Underline, Color, Alignment
• 3.4 Page Formatting → Margins, Orientation, Page size, Columns
• 3.5 Tables & Lists → Creating tables, Bullet lists, Numbering, Table formatting
• 3.6 Inserting Objects → Images, Shapes, SmartArt, Symbols, Charts
• 3.7 Advanced Features → Headers/Footers, Page numbers, References, TOC, Mail merge
• 3.8 Printing → Print preview, Printer settings, PDF export

4️⃣ Spreadsheets for Calculation

Focus: Microsoft Excel

📚 Sub-Topics:

• 4.1 Spreadsheet Basics → Workbook, Worksheet, Rows & columns, Cells
• 4.2 Data Entry & Formatting → Number formats, Cell formatting, Borders, Conditional formatting
• 4.3 Formula Basics → Mathematical operators, Relative/Absolute references
• 4.4 Functions → SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, COUNT, IF
• 4.5 Data Management → Sorting, Filtering, Data validation
• 4.6 Charts & Graphs → Bar charts, Pie charts, Line charts
• 4.7 Advanced Features → Pivot tables, Lookup functions, What-if analysis

5️⃣ Multimedia & Electronic Presentation

Focus: Microsoft PowerPoint

📚 Sub-Topics:

• 5.1 Presentation Basics → Creating slides, Slide layouts, Themes
• 5.2 Text & Object Formatting → Fonts, Shapes, Icons, Images
• 5.3 Multimedia → Audio, Video, Animations, Transitions
• 5.4 Presentation Design → Color selection, Professional design, Presentation standards
• 5.5 Slide Show Features → Presenter view, Slide timings, Rehearsal tools

6️⃣ Data and Databases

Introduces database concepts for beginners

📚 Sub-Topics:

• 6.1 Data vs Information → Raw data vs Processed information
• 6.2 Database Basics → Databases, DBMS, Database applications
• 6.3 Tables & Records → Fields, Records, Primary keys
• 6.4 Relationships → One-to-one | One-to-many | Many-to-many
• 6.5 Database Operations → Adding, Updating, Deleting, Searching data
• 6.6 Queries & Reports → Simple queries, Filtering data, Report generation

7️⃣ Internet & Web Applications

⭐ One of the most important FIT 103 modules

📚 Sub-Topics:

• 7.1 Internet Basics → What is the Internet? WWW, Websites, Browsers
• 7.2 Networking Basics → LAN, WAN, IP addresses, Routers
• 7.3 Web Browsers → Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Browser settings
• 7.4 Search Engines → Google searching techniques, Advanced search operators
• 7.5 Email Systems → Sending emails, Attachments, CC/BCC, Email etiquette
• 7.6 Cloud Applications → Google Drive, OneDrive, Dropbox
• 7.7 Collaboration Tools → Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Google Meet
• 7.8 Internet Security → Password security, Phishing, Malware, Safe browsing

8️⃣ Programming Basics

Introduces basic programming logic for beginners

📚 Sub-Topics:

• 8.1 Problem Solving → Algorithms, Flowcharts, Pseudocode
• 8.2 Programming Basics → Variables, Data types, Constants
• 8.3 Operators → Arithmetic, Logical, Relational operators
• 8.4 Control Structures →
  • IF statements | SWITCH
  • Loops: FOR | WHILE | DO-WHILE
• 8.5 Functions → User-defined functions, Parameters, Return values
• 8.6 Arrays → Single dimensional arrays, Basic array operations
• 8.7 Debugging → Syntax errors | Logical errors | Runtime errors

📝 FIT 103 Examination Structure

e-Test (MCQ)
⏱️ 2 Hours
📚 Theory + concepts

Practical Test
⏱️ 2 Hours
💻 MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Database tasks

🎯 Important Practical Areas

• Microsoft Word formatting & document creation
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• Excel formulas
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• Ignoring Excel practice
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3. Practice daily on actual software
4. Do past papers under timed conditions
5. Time yourself during practical practice

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Last updated: May 2026 | For educational purposes only. Always refer to official UCSC materials for examination preparation.

Unit 7: System Development & Programming Concepts – GCE A/L Exam NOTES | DFD Context Diagram Focus | A/L Computing | Questions and Answers

📘 GCE A/L ICT – UNIT 7

System Development & Programming Concepts

Complete exam-focused notes for Sri Lankan GCE Advanced Level ICT

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🔷 7.1 Introduction to System Development

🔹 What is a System?

A system is a collection of interrelated components working together to achieve a common goal.

📌 Example: School Management System

Component	Description
Inputs	Student data, attendance, marks
Processes	Attendance tracking, marks calculation, report generation
Outputs	Reports, results, certificates

🔹 Types of Systems

Type	Characteristics	Example
Manual Systems	• Paper-based • Human-operated • Slower processing	Attendance register, paper files
Computer-Based Systems	• Automated • Software-driven • Faster & accurate	School ERP, Library Management System

🔹 What is System Development?

The process of creating or modifying a system to meet user requirements and solve problems.

💡 Key Point: System development follows a structured approach called SDLC to ensure quality and efficiency.

🔄 7.2 SDLC – System Development Life Cycle

🔹 Definition

SDLC is a structured, phased process followed to plan, create, test, and deploy an information system.

🔹 The 7 Phases of SDLC

Planning → Analysis → Design → Development → Testing → Implementation → Maintenance

1. Planning
   • Identify the problem/need
   • Conduct feasibility study
   • Define project scope & resources
2. Analysis
   • Study current system
   • Gather user requirements
   • Create Requirement Specification Document
3. Design
   • System architecture
   • Database design (ERD)
   • UI/UX mockups & DFDs
4. Development
   • Actual coding/programming
   • Database implementation
   • Module integration
5. Testing
   • Find & fix bugs
   • Unit testing, system testing
   • User acceptance testing (UAT)
6. Implementation
   • Install & deploy system
   • Train users
   • Data migration
7. Maintenance
   • Fix post-launch issues
   • Apply updates & patches
   • Add new features

🔹 SDLC Example: Library System

Phase	Activity
Planning	Identify need to manage books digitally
Analysis	Interview librarians, list requirements
Design	Create database schema + UI wireframes
Development	Code the system in chosen language
Testing	Test borrowing, returning, fine calculation
Implementation	Install in library, train staff
Maintenance	Fix bugs, add e-book feature later

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the 7 phases IN ORDER. A common 4-mark question asks you to list them sequentially.

📊 7.3 Feasibility Study (TEOS)

🔹 Purpose

❓ Key Question: "Is this system worth developing?"
Feasibility study evaluates if the project is practical, affordable, and achievable.

🔹 Types of Feasibility (TEOS)

Type	Key Question	Example
Technical 🔧	Do we have the technology & skills?	Need mobile app developers, cloud server
Economic 💰	Do benefits > costs?	Cost: Rs.500k | Benefit: Rs.1M → ✅ Feasible
Operational 👥	Will users accept & use it?	Can teachers learn the new system easily?
Schedule 📅	Can it be done on time?	Can we finish before next academic year?

🔹 Economic Feasibility Formula

Feasible if:
Expected Benefits > Development + Operational Costs

Example Calculation:

• 💸 Development Cost: Rs. 500,000
• 📈 Annual Benefit: Rs. 300,000 × 4 years = Rs. 1,200,000
• ✅ Net Gain: Rs. 700,000 → Project is feasible!

🎯 Exam Trick: If asked "Explain feasibility study", use the TEOS structure + one calculation example for full marks.

🔷 7.4-7.5 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)

🔹 What is a DFD?

A Data Flow Diagram is a graphical representation showing how data moves through a system – from input, through processes, to output.

🔹 DFD Symbols (MEMORIZE FOR EXAMS)

Symbol	Name	Meaning	Example
○ Circle	Process	Transforms input to output	"Calculate Marks"
➜ Arrow	Data Flow	Movement of data	"Student Details"
▭ Rectangle	External Entity	Source/destination outside system	Student, Admin, Bank
▭▭ Open Rectangle	Data Store	Where data is stored	Database, File

🔹 Levels of DFD

🎯 Exam Focus: You MUST know Context Diagram (Level 0) in detail!

• Level 0 (Context Diagram): Entire system as ONE process + external entities
• Level 1 DFD: Breaks system into major sub-processes
• Level 2+ DFD: Further decomposition of processes

🔹 Context Diagram – EXAM CRITICAL

✅ What it Shows:

• The whole system as a single process
• All external entities interacting with it
• Data flows between entities and system

🔹 How to Draw: 4 Simple Steps

1. Identify the System
   Example: [ Student Registration System ]
2. Identify External Entities
   Example: [Student] [Admin] [Examination Dept]
3. Map Inputs & Outputs

   Entity	Input to System	Output from System
   Student	Registration details	Confirmation SMS
   Admin	Course data	Enrollment reports

4. Draw Labeled Arrows
   [Student] → Registration Details → [System]

🔹 Critical Rules (MCQ Gold)

✔ MUST DO:

• Only ONE process box (the whole system)
• NO internal processes or data stores
• ALL external entities must be shown
• EVERY arrow must have a clear label
• Arrows show direction of data flow

❌ AVOID THESE MISTAKES:

• Drawing multiple process circles ❌
• Adding database symbols ❌
• Unlabeled arrows ❌
• Missing key entities ❌

🧮 7.6 Algorithms & 7.7 Flowcharts

🔹 Algorithm Definition

An algorithm is a finite, step-by-step procedure written in simple language to solve a specific problem.

🔹 Characteristics of a Good Algorithm

Characteristic	Meaning
Finite	Must have a definite end point
Clear	Each step must be unambiguous
Logical	Steps must follow correct order
Effective	Must solve the problem correctly
Input/Output	Must have defined inputs & outputs

🔹 Algorithm Writing Rules (Exam)

• ✓ Use numbered steps (1, 2, 3...)
• ✓ Use simple, plain English (no code syntax)
• ✓ Start with INPUT and end with STOP/END
• ✓ Use IF-THEN-ELSE for decisions
• ✓ Keep each step atomic (one action per step)

🔹 Example: Find Largest of 3 Numbers

1. INPUT A, B, C 2. IF A > B AND A > C THEN 3. PRINT "Largest is", A 4. ELSE IF B > C THEN 5. PRINT "Largest is", B 6. ELSE 7. PRINT "Largest is", C 8. END IF 9. STOP

🔹 Flowchart Definition & Symbols

A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm using standardized symbols.

Symbol	Name	Purpose
⬭ Oval	Terminal	Start/End points
▭ Rectangle	Process	Calculation/action step
◇ Diamond	Decision	Yes/No condition check
➜ Arrow	Flow Line	Direction of execution
▱ Parallelogram	Input/Output	Read data / Display result

💡 Exam Tip: Always label decision branches with "Yes/No"! Missing labels cost marks.

💻 7.8 Programming Concepts

🔹 Variables & Data Types

Named storage locations that hold data values.

Example:
int age = 20;
String name = "Student";
boolean isActive = true;

🔹 Basic Data Types

Data Type	Stores	Example
Integer	Whole numbers	25, -10, 0
Float/Double	Decimal numbers	3.14, -0.5
String	Text characters	"Hello", "A/L 2026"
Boolean	True/False values	true, false

🔹 Operators

🔢 Arithmetic: + - * / % ⚖️ Comparison: == != > < >= <= 🔗 Logical: AND(&&), OR(||), NOT(!) 📝 Assignment: = += -=

🔹 Control Structures (CORE CONCEPT)

1️⃣ Sequence

Statements executed in order, one after another.

INPUT name PRINT "Hello", name CALCULATE total PRINT total

2️⃣ Selection (Decision)

Execute different code based on a condition.

IF-ELSE Example:
IF marks >= 50 THEN PRINT "PASS" ELSE PRINT "FAIL" END IF

3️⃣ Iteration (Loop)

Repeat a block of code multiple times.

FOR Loop Example:
FOR i = 1 TO 10 STEP 1 PRINT i NEXT i

🧪 7.9 Testing & Debugging

🔹 Testing vs Debugging

Testing	Debugging
• Finding errors/bugs • Done BEFORE release • Uses test data	• Fixing identified errors • Done AFTER testing • Requires code analysis

🔹 Types of Testing

Type	Purpose	Example
Unit Testing	Test individual modules/functions	Test "calculateTotal()" function alone
System Testing	Test complete integrated system	Test full library borrowing workflow
Acceptance Testing	User validates system meets needs	Librarian tests before going live

🔹 Test Data Types (EXAM FAVORITE)

Type	Example (marks 0-100)	Purpose
Normal Data ✅	50, 75, 90	Verify expected valid inputs work
Boundary Data 🎯	0, 100	Test edge limits of valid range
Invalid Data ❌	-10, 150, "abc"	Check error handling & validation

🔹 Input Validation Techniques

📏 Range Check: 0 ≤ marks ≤ 100 ✉️ Format Check: email@domain.com 🔢 Type Check: isNumeric(phone) ✅ Presence Check: name != empty 🔐 Length Check: password ≥ 8 chars

🚀 7.10 Implementation Methods

🔹 When to Use Each Method

Method	Best For	Pros	Cons
Direct (Big Bang)	Small, low-risk systems	• Fast • Low cost	• High risk • No fallback
Parallel	Critical systems (Banks, Hospitals)	• Safe • Easy rollback	• Expensive • Double work
Pilot	Large organizations (Test in one branch)	• Low risk • Real-world feedback	• Slow rollout • Branch comparison issues
Phased (Modular)	Complex modular systems	• Manageable • Early benefits	• Integration challenges • Longer timeline

🎯 Exam Answer Template:
"For a banking system, I would recommend Parallel Implementation because:
✓ Critical data must not be lost
✓ Old system can run as backup
✓ Users can be trained gradually
✓ Errors can be fixed without stopping service"

📄 Pass Paper Questions & Model Answers

🔹 Question 1 (2 Marks)

Define SDLC.

✅ Model Answer:
SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) is a structured, phased process used to plan, create, test, deploy, and maintain information systems through stages such as planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance.

🔹 Question 2 (4 Marks)

List 4 phases of SDLC.

✅ Model Answer:
Planning Analysis Design Implementation

🔹 Question 3 (2 Marks)

What is a feasibility study?

✅ Model Answer:
A feasibility study is the process of evaluating whether a proposed system is practical, affordable, technically achievable, and worth developing before committing resources to the project.

🔹 Question 4 (6 Marks) – Context Diagram

Draw a context diagram for a Library Management System.

✅ Model Answer Structure:

1. Center: [ Library Management System ]
2. External Entities: Member Librarian Supplier
3. Data Flows:
   • Member → Book Request → System
   • System → Borrow Confirmation → Member
   • Librarian → Update Catalog → System
   • System → Overdue Report → Librarian

✨ Must have: 1 process, labeled arrows, all entities, no data stores

🔹 Question 5 (2 Marks)

State two programming control structures.

✅ Model Answer:
Selection (IF-ELSE) Iteration (FOR/WHILE loops)

🌟 Beginner-Friendly Quick Review

🔹 Super Simple Summary Table

Term	Super Simple Meaning	Memory Trick
SDLC	Build → Test → Use → Maintain	🔄 4-step cycle
DFD	How data moves	➜ Arrow diagram
Algorithm	Step-by-step problem solver	📋 Recipe
Flowchart	Picture of an algorithm	🖼️ Visual steps
Testing	Finding bugs before launch	🔍 Check first
Debugging	Fixing bugs after testing	🔧 Repair mode
Direct Changeover	Switch old→new in one day	⚡ Fast but risky
Parallel	Run old+new together	🛡️ Safe but costly

🔹 Exam Keyword → Answer Trick

🔍 Question Keyword	✅ Write This
"daily transactions", "billing", "ATM"	TPS
"reports", "summary", "analysis"	MIS
"decision", "strategy", "future plan"	DSS
"step by step", "cannot go back"	Waterfall
"flexible", "user feedback", "changing"	Agile
"fast", "prototype", "ready-made"	RAD

🧠 FINAL MASTER TIP

👉 For DFD Questions:
✓ Draw neatly with pencil & ruler
✓ Label EVERY arrow with data name
✓ Use correct symbols ONLY
✓ Keep system as ONE process box

👉 For Algorithm Questions:
✓ Start with INPUT, end with STOP
✓ Use numbered steps
✓ Test your logic with sample values!