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Thursday, April 9, 2026

Grade3 ICT Computer Basics Q&A for Kids – 50+ Questions & Answers eworld Edexcel English Medium

🖥️ Chapter 1: My Devices

Q1: What does "store" mean in computers?
✅ A: Store means saving information so we can use it later, like saving homework or photos!

Q2: Name 3 devices that can store information.
✅ A: Computer/Laptop, Tablet, USB flash drive (also: External hard drive, Smartphone)

Q3: What can we store on a computer?
✅ A: Photos, videos, homework, music, documents, and games!

Q4: What does "print" mean?
✅ A: Print means putting computer work onto paper using a printer.

Q5: Which device is used for printing?
✅ A: A printer! 🖨️

Q6: Name 3 things you can print from a computer.
✅ A: Assignments, pictures, letters (also: certificates, drawings, stories)

Q7: What does "capture" mean?
✅ A: Capture means recording or taking something, like photos, videos, or sound.

Q8: Which device captures photos?
✅ A: A camera! 📷

Q9: Which device captures videos?
✅ A: A video camera or smartphone! 📹

Q10: Which device captures sound or voice?
✅ A: A microphone! 🎤

Q11: What does "interact" mean with computers?
✅ A: Interact means communicating with the computer – giving it instructions and getting results back!

Q12: Name 2 input devices (we give information).
✅ A: Keyboard and Mouse (also: Microphone, Touchscreen)

Q13: Name 2 output devices (computer gives results).
✅ A: Monitor and Speakers (also: Printer)

Q14: What is the difference between input and output devices?
✅ A: Input devices send information TO the computer. Output devices receive information FROM the computer.

Q15: Which device would you use to type your name?
✅ A: A keyboard! ⌨️

Q16: Which device helps you click and select things on screen?
✅ A: A mouse! 🖱️

📁 Chapter 2: My Files

Q17: What is a file?
✅ A: A file is saved information on a computer, like a document, picture, song, or video.

Q18: What is the file extension for a Word document?
✅ A: .docx

Q19: What is the file extension for a picture?
✅ A: .jpg (or .png, .gif)

Q20: What is the file extension for a music file?
✅ A: .mp3

Q21: What is the file extension for a video file?
✅ A: .mp4

Q22: What two things does every file have?
✅ A: A name and a type (file extension).

Q23: What is a folder?
✅ A: A folder is like a digital container that keeps files organized, just like a school bag holds books!

Q24: Why should we organize files into folders?
✅ A: So they are easy to find, save time, and keep the computer neat!

Q25: How do you search for a file on a computer?
✅ A: Click the search bar → Type the file name → Press Enter → Open the file!

Q26: What is a program or app?
✅ A: A program/app is software that helps us do tasks, like writing, drawing, or browsing the internet.

Q27: Name 3 examples of programs/apps.
✅ A: Word processor, Paint, Web browser (also: Calculator, Music player)

Q28: How do you start a program on a Windows computer?
✅ A: Click Start → Choose the program → Click to open!

✍️ Chapter 3: My First Article

Q29: What is "text" in a computer?
✅ A: Text means typed words – letters, numbers, and symbols you type using a keyboard.

Q30: Which key do you press to go to a new line?
✅ A: The Enter key! ↵

Q31: Which key deletes the letter before the cursor?
✅ A: The Backspace key! ⌫

Q32: Why should we give a title to our article?
✅ A: A title tells the topic and helps readers know what the article is about!

Q33: How can you make a title stand out?
✅ A: Make it bigger, bold it, and keep it at the top of the page!

Q34: What are the two types of lists we can make?
✅ A: Bullet list (•) and Number list (1, 2, 3)

Q35: Give an example of a bullet list for school supplies.
✅ A: • Pencil • Book • Bag

Q36: What should you check before saving your article?
✅ A: Check spelling and punctuation! ✔️

Q37: What are the steps to save a file?
✅ A: Click File → Click Save → Choose a folder → Name the file → Click Save!

Q38: Why is it important to save your work?
✅ A: So you don't lose it and can open it again later!

🌐 Chapter 4: My Wired World

Q39: What helps us find information on the internet?
✅ A: A search engine (like Google)!

Q40: What should you type to get good search results?
✅ A: Clear, simple keywords related to what you're looking for!

Q41: Name 3 things you can find using a search engine.
✅ A: Pictures, information, videos (also: maps, news, recipes)

Q42: What are "knowledge treasure sites"?
✅ A: Educational websites that help us learn, like online dictionaries or kids' learning sites!

Q43: Why should we only use safe and trusted websites?
✅ A: To protect ourselves from harmful content, scams, or viruses!

Q44: What is "netiquette"?
✅ A: Internet manners – being polite and respectful online!

Q45: Name 3 rules of good netiquette.
✅ A: Be respectful, use kind words, don't type in ALL CAPS (also: don't bully others)

Q46: What personal information should you NEVER share online?
✅ A: Passwords, home address, phone number!

Q47: What makes a password strong?
✅ A: A mix of letters, numbers, and symbols – and it's not easy to guess!

Q48: What should you do if something feels wrong online?
✅ A: Tell a parent or teacher right away!

🎤 Chapter 5: My First Presentation

Q49: What is a presentation made of?
✅ A: Slides! Each slide can have a title, text, and pictures.

Q50: What are 3 things you can add to a slide?
✅ A: Title, text, pictures (also: shapes, videos, sounds)

Q51: Why should slides be simple and neat?
✅ A: So the audience can understand easily and stay interested!

Q52: How do you add text to a slide?
✅ A: Click a text box → Type your words → Change size or color if needed!

Q53: Why should text on slides be short and clear?
✅ A: So people can read it quickly while you speak!

Q54: How do you insert a picture into a slide?
✅ A: Click Insert → Choose Picture → Select image → Click Insert!

Q55: Why add pictures to slides?
✅ A: Pictures make slides more interesting and help explain ideas!

Q56: Name 3 tips for presenting well.
✅ A: Stand straight, speak clearly, look at the audience (also: smile, don't read everything, practice!)

Q57: Why should you practice before presenting?
✅ A: Practice helps you feel confident and remember what to say!

🔍 Bonus: Device Deep-Dive Questions

Q58: What is the difference between internal and external storage?
✅ A: Internal storage is inside the computer (like C: drive). External storage is plugged in from outside (like USB or external hard drive).

Q59: Which storage device can hold about 1,000 movies?
✅ A: An external hard disk drive!

Q60: Why should you be careful with CDs and DVDs?
✅ A: Because scratching the surface can lose your data!

Q61: What is a USB flash drive also called?
✅ A: A memory stick!

Q62: Where are memory cards commonly used?
✅ A: In smartphones, digital cameras, MP3 players, and game consoles!

Q63: What was the main storage device in the 1970s-80s?
✅ A: The floppy disk! (Now obsolete due to small capacity)

Q64: Which printer is best for printing photos at home?
✅ A: An inkjet printer! (Use photo paper for best results)

Q65: Which printer is fastest and best for offices?
✅ A: A laser printer!

Q66: Which printer do shops use for receipts?
✅ A: A thermal printer!

Q67: Which printer would an architect use for large blueprints?
✅ A: A plotter!

Q68: What does a scanner do?
✅ A: It takes a "photo" of paper documents and turns them into digital computer files!

Q69: What is special about a Bubble Jet printer?
✅ A: It prints by shooting tiny drops of ink – like magic bubbles! 🌈

Q70: What can you do with HoloLens?
✅ A: See 3D holograms floating in your room – like a dinosaur walking around! 🦖✨

Q71: How do you play games with a Nintendo Wii Remote?
✅ A: You wave, point, and move it like a magic wand – swing for tennis, turn for racing!

Q72: What does a VR headset let you do?
✅ A: Step inside a 3D virtual world – walk on the Moon, swim with dolphins, explore space!

Q73: What is special about a VR glove?
✅ A: It has sensors that let you use your hands to grab, point, and gesture in virtual reality!

Q74: What is a graphic tablet used for?
✅ A: Drawing on the computer like paper, with a pressure-sensitive stylus pen!

Q75: Why might someone use a trackball instead of a mouse?
✅ A: It's great for small desks, keeps your wrist comfortable, and is very precise!

Q76: What are the main parts of a gamepad?
✅ A: Joysticks, action buttons, directional pad, and vibration feature!

Q77: Which games are best played with a joystick?
✅ A: Flying games, racing games, space adventures, and robot battles!

Q78: What is an interactive touchpad?
✅ A: A smooth surface on laptops where you swipe and tap with fingers to control the computer!

Q79: Name 3 gestures you can do on a touchpad.
✅ A: One-finger tap (click), two-finger swipe (scroll), two-finger pinch (zoom)!

Q80: What devices have touch screens?
✅ A: Smartphones, tablets, some laptops, ATMs, car navigation screens, and gaming devices!

Q81: What is a Blu-Ray disc?
✅ A: A shiny disc that stores HD movies, big games, and files with super clear quality – holds 25-50x more than a CD!

Q82: How do you use a Blu-Ray disc?
✅ A: Put it shiny-side down in the player → Close tray → Press Play → Enjoy! 🍿

Q83: What is a webcam used for?
✅ A: Feeding live video into a computer for video calls, recording clips, or security!

Q84: Why are digital cameras better than old film cameras?
✅ A: No film needed! Preview photos instantly, store on memory cards, and edit easily!

Q85: What is the nickname for a digital camera?
✅ A: "Digicam"!

🎯 Quick Review Mix-Up!

Q86: Which device would you use to save a school project for tomorrow?
✅ A: Computer, USB drive, or cloud storage!

Q87: You drew a picture in Paint. How do you give it to your teacher on paper?
✅ A: Print it using a printer!

Q88: You want to record your friend singing. Which device do you use?
✅ A: A microphone or smartphone!

Q89: You need to find a file named "MyStory.docx". What do you do?
✅ A: Use the search bar → Type "MyStory" → Press Enter → Open it!

Q90: You're writing a story. Which key starts a new paragraph?
✅ A: The Enter key!

Q91: You found a cool learning website. How do you know it's safe?
✅ A: It's from a trusted source (like school, .edu, or .gov), has no scary pop-ups, and a grown-up approves!

Q92: Your presentation slide has too much text. What should you do?
✅ A: Shorten it! Use bullet points and let your voice explain the details.

Q93: Which device helps you video call grandma?
✅ A: A smartphone, tablet, or computer with a webcam!

Q94: You want to draw a cartoon on the computer. Which device helps most?
✅ A: A graphic tablet with a stylus!

Q95: You're playing a racing game. Which controller feels most like driving?
✅ A: A joystick or gamepad with a steering wheel accessory!

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Tuesday, April 7, 2026

GCE A/L ICT Lesson 1: Basic Concepts of ICT | 1. Data and Information: The Building Blocks · 2. The Data Processing Life Cycle · 3. Characteristics of Quality Information · 4. Components of an ICT System ·

🔹 Unit 1: Basic Concepts of ICT

GCE Advanced Level (Sri Lanka) • Complete Study Guide

1️⃣ Building Blocks: Data vs Information

📊 DATA (Raw Facts)

Unprocessed, unorganized facts
No context or meaning alone
Examples: 25, "Kandy", 1500

💡 INFORMATION (Processed Data)

Data + Context + Meaning
Useful for decision-making
Example: "Student aged 25 from Kandy scored 1500 marks"

🎯 Real-Life Example:
Supermarket Scenario

Data: "10", "Rice", "500", "2024-04-07"
Information: "10 bags of Rice sold at Rs. 500 each on April 7, 2024 → Total Revenue: Rs. 5,000"

2️⃣ Data Processing Life Cycle (DPLC)

1 Collection: Gathering raw data (e.g., survey forms, sensors, receipts)
2 Input: Entering data into system (keyboard, scanner, API)
3 Processing: Calculating, sorting, analyzing (CPU operations)
4 Storage: Saving data/information (HDD, cloud, database)
5 Output: Presenting results (reports, screens, prints)
6 Distribution: Sharing information with users

✅ Validation Techniques (Critical for Accuracy!)

Technique	Purpose	Example
Range Check	Ensures value within limits	Age: 18-65
Format Check	Verifies data pattern	Email: user@domain.com
Presence Check	Confirms field not empty	NIC number required
Check Digit	Detects transcription errors	ISBN, Credit Card numbers

3️⃣ Abstract Model of Information

This model explains how information flows through conceptual layers:

🔄 Information Flow Diagram:

[Source] → [Encoding] → [Channel] → [Decoding] → [Receiver]
     ↑                                      ↓
     └────── [Feedback Loop] ──────────────┘

📌 Practical Example: Online Order System

Source: Customer places order via mobile app
Encoding: App converts order to JSON data packet
Channel: Internet/4G network transmits data
Decoding: Server parses JSON, updates database
Receiver: Warehouse system receives order details
Feedback: SMS confirmation sent to customer

4️⃣ Six Components of an ICT System

💻 Hardware

Physical devices: CPU, monitor, keyboard, servers, routers

Example: POS machine in a shop

⚙️ Software

Programs & instructions: OS, apps, drivers, firmware

Example: Inventory management software

🗃️ Data

Facts & figures processed by the system

Example: Customer records, product prices

👥 People

Users, developers, administrators, technicians

Example: Shop owner using the CRM system

📋 Procedures

Rules, guidelines, workflows for system use

Example: "Backup database every Friday at 5 PM"

🌐 Networks

Communication pathways: LAN, WAN, internet, protocols

Example: Wi-Fi connecting shop devices to cloud

💡 Key Insight: All 6 components must work together! A powerful computer (hardware) is useless without software, data, trained people, clear procedures, and network connectivity.

5️⃣ Quality of Information (8 Key Characteristics)

Characteristic	Definition	Poor Quality Example
Accuracy	Error-free, correct data	Price shown as Rs. 50 instead of Rs. 500
Timeliness	Available when needed	Exam results published after university admissions close
Relevance	Applicable to user's need	Showing winter coat ads to a customer in Colombo in April
Completeness	All necessary details included	Order confirmation without delivery address
Consistency	Uniform across systems	Customer name spelled differently in billing vs. shipping
Accessibility	Easy to obtain by authorized users	Important notice only posted on physical board, not online
Verifiability	Can be confirmed as true	"50% off!" with no terms, conditions, or end date
Security	Protected from unauthorized access	Student grades visible to all users in a shared drive

6️⃣ Evolution & History of Computing

🕰️ Generations of Computers

Generation	Period	Technology	Example
1st	1940-1956	Vacuum Tubes	ENIAC, UNIVAC
2nd	1956-1963	Transistors	IBM 1401
3rd	1964-1971	Integrated Circuits (IC)	IBM System/360
4th	1971-Present	Microprocessors	Personal Computers, Smartphones
5th (Emerging)	Present-Future	AI, Quantum Computing	IBM Quantum, Neural Networks

🇱🇰 Sri Lankan Context

1980s: First computer at University of Colombo
1990s: Introduction of ICT in education policy
2000s: Expansion of internet, mobile penetration
2020s: Digital Sri Lanka initiative, e-Government services

7️⃣ Societal Impact & Ethics

✅ Positive Impacts

Education: e-Thaksalawa, online learning platforms
Healthcare: e-Channeling, telemedicine in rural areas
Commerce: Digital payments (FriMi, Genie), e-commerce growth
Governance: e-Sri Lanka, online license applications

⚠️ Challenges & Ethics

Digital Divide: Urban vs. rural internet access gap
Privacy: Data collection without consent (PDPA compliance needed)
Cybercrime: Phishing, online fraud targeting Sri Lankans
Job Displacement: Automation affecting traditional roles

🛡️ Ethical Principles for ICT Professionals

Confidentiality: Protect user data (e.g., don't share customer phone numbers)
Integrity: Ensure data accuracy; don't manipulate records
Availability: Maintain systems for legitimate users
Accountability: Take responsibility for system outcomes
Respect for IP: Use licensed software; cite sources

Reference: Sri Lanka Computer Emergency Readiness Team (CERT|CC) Guidelines

❓ Practice Questions & Answers

Q1: Differentiate between data and information with a school-related example. [4 marks]

Answer:
• Data: Raw, unprocessed facts without context. Example: "85", "Maths", "Term1"
• Information: Processed data with meaning for decision-making. Example: "Student scored 85 marks in Maths Term 1 exam, which is above class average of 72"
• Information helps teachers identify student performance trends; data alone cannot.
[2 marks for definition + 2 marks for relevant example]

Q2: Explain THREE validation techniques used during data input. [6 marks]

Answer:
1. Range Check: Ensures numeric input falls within acceptable limits. Example: Age field accepts 16-60 for A/L applicants.
2. Format Check: Verifies data matches required pattern. Example: NIC number must be 12 digits or 10 digits + letter.
3. Presence Check: Confirms mandatory fields are not left blank. Example: "Index Number" cannot be empty in exam registration.
[2 marks each: 1 for technique name + 1 for explanation/example]

Q3: Why is 'timeliness' critical for information quality in emergency services? [3 marks]

Answer:
• In emergencies (e.g., ambulance dispatch), delayed information can cost lives.
• Real-time location data of nearest ambulance enables faster response.
• Outdated traffic information may lead to inefficient routing.
[1 mark per valid point]

Q4: List the SIX components of an ICT system and give ONE Sri Lankan example for 'Procedures'. [7 marks]

Answer:
Components (1 mark each, max 6): Hardware, Software, Data, People, Procedures, Networks
Procedure Example: "All government e-services must use two-factor authentication as per ICTA security policy" OR "School computer labs require login with student index number before internet access"
[1 mark for relevant local procedure example]

Q5: How has ICT reduced the 'digital divide' in rural Sri Lanka? Provide TWO specific initiatives. [4 marks]

Answer:
1. Nenasa TV/Online Classes: Free educational content via TV and YouTube during pandemic, reaching students without smartphones.
2. Community Information Centers (CICs): Government-established centers in divisional secretariats providing free internet/computer access for rural citizens.
[2 marks per initiative: 1 for naming + 1 for explanation of impact]

🎯 Exam Tips for Unit 1

Always use Sri Lankan context in examples for higher marks
For "explain" questions: Definition + Example + Significance
Memorize the 8 quality characteristics using acronym: ART CC AVS (Accuracy, Relevance, Timeliness, Completeness, Consistency, Accessibility, Verifiability, Security)
Practice drawing the DPLC flowchart with validation checkpoints

1.1 Data and Information

In-depth Analysis of Data

Data is the foundation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Data refers to a collection of raw facts, words, symbols, or numbers that have not been processed and do not carry a specific meaning or purpose. The primary nature of data is that it acts as raw material used to produce information. When data is used alone, it does not provide meaningful conclusions for decision-making.

Examples of Data:

Measurements or images
Words and sounds
Marks, height, weight, age (quantitative data)

In-depth Analysis of Information

Information is the result obtained after processing data. It is meaningful, organized, and can be used for decision-making. Information is always processed, contextualized, and directly useful for making decisions.

Characteristics of Quality Information:

Accuracy: Must be correct for reliable decisions
Timeliness: Must be up-to-date
Completeness: Should contain all necessary details
Relevance: Must be appropriate for the task
Understandability: Should be easy to understand

Table 1: Comparison between Data and Information

Feature	Data	Information
Definition	Unprocessed raw facts without meaning	Processed, meaningful data used for decision-making
Nature	Raw material	Output
Usefulness	Not directly useful for decisions	Helps in decision-making

1.2 Data Processing Life Cycle and Drawbacks of Manual Data Handling

Data Life Cycle

The Data Life Cycle refers to the process of creating data, managing it to generate information, and removing data that is no longer needed.

Main Stages of Data Life Cycle:

Data Creation: Inputting required data into the system
Data Management: Secure storage and maintenance of data
Removal of Obsolete Data: Deleting outdated data

The main steps of the Data Processing Life Cycle (DPLC) are: Data collection, validation, processing, output, and storage.

Major Drawbacks of Manual Data Handling:

High risk of human errors: Mistakes and delays
Inefficiency: Time-consuming processes
Inconsistency: Data duplication and lack of standardization

1.3 Classification of Software: Open Source vs Proprietary

System Software and Application Software

System Software: Acts as a bridge between hardware and user (e.g., Operating Systems)
Application Software: Designed to perform specific tasks (e.g., MS Word)

Open Source Software (OSS) vs Proprietary Software

Open Source Software (OSS) provides access to its source code, allowing users to modify it. In contrast, proprietary software keeps the source code hidden and requires a license for use.

1.4 Use and Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Areas of ICT Applications:

Education: E-learning, distance learning
Healthcare: Telemedicine, diagnostic systems
Business: E-commerce, online banking

Social and Environmental Issues in ICT:

Digital Divide: Inequality in access to technology
E-waste: Environmental pollution from electronic waste
Green Computing: Environmentally friendly use of ICT resources

Data Life Cycle (Extended)

Main 7 Steps of Data Life Cycle:

Data Generation: Creation or input of new data
Data Collection: Gathering data from various sources
Data Storage: Saving data securely (hard drives/cloud)
Data Processing: Converting raw data into information
Data Transmission: Sending data between locations
Data Usage: Using data for decisions or operations
Data Destruction: Permanently deleting unnecessary data

Advantages:

Data Security: Prevents misuse of data
Efficiency: Faster decision-making through proper management
Legal Compliance: Meets data retention regulations

பக்கம் 1: அறிமுகம்

இது கல்விப் பொதுத் தராதர உயர்தர (GCE A/L) தகவல் மற்றும் தொடர்பாடல் தொழில்நுட்பவியல் (ICT) பாடத்திற்கான அலகு - 1 குறிப்புகள் ஆகும்^{[80, 87]}.
ஆசிரியர் திரு. V. யோகராஜா அவர்களால் இது தொகுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது^{[83, 91]}.

பக்கம் 2: தரவு (Data)

தரவு: ஒரு முறைமைக்கு உள்ளீடாக வழங்கப்படும் அடிப்படை விடயங்கள். இவை தெளிவான அர்த்தமற்றவை^{[97, 99, 100]}.
வகைகள்:
- அளவுசார் தரவு (Quantitative): எண்களால் அளக்கக்கூடியவை (எ.கா: வினாத்தாளில் பெற்ற புள்ளிகள்)^{[101, 102, 107]}.
- பண்புசார் தரவு (Qualitative): இயல்புகளைக் கொண்டு அடையாளம் காணப்படுபவை (எ.கா: பூவின் நிறம்)^{[101, 104, 106]}.

பக்கம் 3: தரவு வாழ்க்கை வட்டம் மற்றும் தகவல்

தரவு வாழ்க்கை வட்டம்: தரவு உருவாக்கம், சேமிப்பு, பயன்பாடு மற்றும் பயனற்ற போது அதை நீக்குதல் ஆகியவற்றை உள்ளடக்கியது^{[113, 115, 131]}.
தகவல் (Information): தரவுகளை முறைவழியாக்கம் (Processing) செய்த பின் கிடைக்கும் அர்த்தமுள்ள வெளியீடு தகவல் ஆகும்^{[118, 120]}.

பக்கம் 4: தகவலின் பண்புகள்

ஒரு சிறந்த தகவல் பின்வரும் பண்புகளைக் கொண்டிருக்க வேண்டும்: பொருத்தம் (Relevance), காலம் (Time), துல்லியம் (Accuracy), முழுமை (Completeness) மற்றும் விளங்கிக்கொள்ளும் தன்மை^{[138, 139, 141, 146, 147, 149]}.
தகவலின் பொன்விதி (Golden Rule): தகவல் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட நேரத்தில் அதன் பெறுமதி அதிகமாக இருக்கும், காலம் செல்லச் செல்ல அதன் பெறுமதி குறையும்^{[152, 154, 155]}.

பக்கம் 5: தரவு முகாமைத்துவம் (Data Management)

பெரிய அளவிலான தரவுகளை (Big Data) கையாளுவதும் அவற்றை நிறுவனத்தின் தேவைக்கேற்ப பகுப்பாய்வு செய்வதும் இன்றைய சவாலாகும்^{[165, 166, 168]}.
கைமுறை vs தானியங்கு: கைமுறை முறைவழியாக்கலில் நேரம் அதிகம் எடுக்கும் மற்றும் பிழைகள் ஏற்பட வாய்ப்புண்டு. தானியங்கு முறையில் வேகம் மற்றும் துல்லியம் அதிகம்^{[173, 174, 175, 179, 183]}.

பக்கம் 6 & 7: இணையம் (Internet) மற்றும் அதன் சேவைகள்

இணையம்: வலையமைப்புகளின் வலையமைப்பு எனப்படும். இது 1969 இல் ARPANET மூலம் தொடங்கியது^{[189, 191, 193, 195]}.
இணையச் சேவைகள்: உலகளாவிய வலை (WWW), மின்னஞ்சல் (E-mail), கோப்புப் பரிமாற்றம் (FTP), காணொளி மாநாடு (Video Conference) போன்றவை^[207].
நெறிமுறை (Protocol): தகவல் பரிமாற்றத்திற்கான விதிகள். இணையம் TCP/IP நெறிமுறையைப் பயன்படுத்துகிறது^{[204, 205]}.

பக்கம் 8: உலகளாவிய வலை (WWW)

டிம் பேர்னர்ஸ் லீ என்பவரால் 1991 இல் அறிமுகம் செய்யப்பட்டது^{[213, 214]}.
HTTP: கோப்புகளைப் பரிமாற உதவும் விதி^[215].
URL: ஒரு வலைத்தளத்தின் தனித்துவமான முகவரி^{[227, 229]}.
Web Browser: வலைப்பக்கங்களைப் பார்வையிட உதவும் மென்பொருள் (எ.கா: Google Chrome)^{[224, 225]}.

பக்கம் 9: மேகக் கணிமை (Cloud Computing) மற்றும் முறைமை

மேகக் கணிமை: இணையத்தின் ஊடாக சேமிப்பு, மென்பொருள் மற்றும் பிற சேவைகளைப் பெறுதல்^{[258, 259, 261]}.
சேவை மாதிரிகள்:
1. IaaS (உட்கட்டமைப்பு)^[268]
2. PaaS (சேவைத் தளம்)^[274]
3. SaaS (மென்பொருள்)^[277]
முறைமை (System): ஒரு பொதுவான இலக்கை அடைய ஒன்றிணைந்து செயல்படும் கூறுகளின் தொகுதி^{[279, 280]}.

பக்கம் 10: கணினி முறைமை

கணினி ஐந்து அடிப்படைச் செயல்களைச் செய்கிறது: உள்ளீடு பெறுதல், சேமித்தல், முறைவழியாக்கம், வெளியீடு தருதல் மற்றும் கட்டுப்படுத்தல்^{[309, 310, 313, 314, 316, 318]}.
கணினியின் கூறுகள்: வன்பொருள் (Hardware), மென்பொருள் (Software), நிலைபொருள் (Firmware), உயிர்பொருள் (Liveware)^[320].

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