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Wednesday, January 8, 2025

Inventory Management System BIT UCSC UoM BSc Software Engineering Projects github source code PHP for students download Sri Lanka

Inventory Control System - User Management

Welcome to Inventory System

Manage your inventory seamlessly.

User Management Made Easy

Advanced Reporting Tools

Generate detailed reports with a click.

Full Name

Email Address

Password

Role

Phone Number

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2	Jane Smith	jane.smith@example.com	User	Inactive

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🔍 How AI is Transforming Inventory Management

AI inventory management software uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to automate and optimize every stage of the inventory process. It boosts accuracy, lowers costs, and enhances efficiency in stock control and order fulfillment.

📈 Key Benefits of AI-Powered Inventory Management:

1. 📊 Smarter Forecasting

AI analyzes past sales data, seasonal trends, and market behavior
Predicts demand more accurately than manual or traditional methods

2. 🤖 Automated Reordering

Automatically places supplier orders when stock hits minimum levels
Prevents stockouts and overstocking

3. 🏬 Optimized Storage and Space Usage

AI recommends smart storage layouts based on product size and demand
Enhances warehouse efficiency and speeds up order picking

4. 🧠 Minimized Human Error

Reduces manual data entry and tracking mistakes
Improves overall accuracy and reliability

5. ⏱️ Real-Time Inventory Visibility

Get instant updates on stock levels, order status, and supply chain metrics
Enables quicker and smarter decision-making

6. 😊 Better Customer Satisfaction

Faster, more accurate order processing and delivery
Results in happier customers and repeat business

🎥 Watch the video to see how AI reshapes inventory processes — from forecasting to fulfillment!

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🤖 Free & Best AI Inventory Management Software in 2025

Boost accuracy, cut costs, and automate your stock control with AI!

🔍 What is AI Inventory Management Software?

AI inventory management software uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to forecast demand, manage stock, and automate reordering—reducing human error and improving supply chain efficiency.

✅ Free AI Inventory Management Software (2025)

If you're looking to get started without spending a cent, here are some free or freemium tools:

Zoho Inventory (Free Plan) – Good for small businesses
Odoo Inventory – Open-source ERP with AI plugins
inFlow Inventory – Offers AI features and a free starter version
Sortly – Simple inventory tool with smart tracking
ERPNext – Open-source, customizable with AI add-ons

💡 Tip: You can also build a custom AI inventory assistant using free tools like Python, MySQL, and LangChain or ChatGPT API.

🏆 Best AI Inventory Management Software (2025)

For growing businesses and enterprises:

Software	Key Features	Pricing
NetSuite Inventory	AI-driven forecasting, automated restock	$$$
Fishbowl AI	Manufacturing + inventory control	$$
Zoho Inventory Premium	Smart reordering, real-time visibility	$
Odoo + AI Plugins	Custom ML/AI models	Custom

📱 AI Inventory Management Apps (Mobile-Friendly)

Perfect for on-the-go stock control:

inFlow Cloud App
Zoho Inventory App
Sortly Mobile
Odoo App (with AI modules)

📲 Use these to scan barcodes, track in real-time, and receive alerts automatically.

📥 AI Inventory Management Software Download

Looking for offline or desktop solutions?

ERPNext (Self-hosted) – Download and run locally
inFlow On-Premise – PC-based software
Custom Python+SQLite AI Bots – Build your own lightweight AI assistant

📚 Case Study: AI in Inventory Management

Case: Walmart & AI Forecasting
Walmart uses AI to:

Predict stock levels based on weather, local events, and trends
Automate shelf replenishment
Optimize delivery routes

Results:
✅ Reduced out-of-stock rates
✅ Improved customer satisfaction
✅ Lower operating costs

📂 Download: Free AI Inventory Template (Excel/Google Sheets)

Use our free AI-powered inventory template for:

Real-time stock tracking
Auto reorder alerts
Sales trend insights

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With tools like:

Python + Pandas + Scikit-learn for forecasting
LangChain + OpenAI for chatbot-based stock queries
Google Sheets + Apps Script for automation

Great for developers, freelancers, and students.

🍽️ AI Inventory Management for Restaurants

AI helps restaurants by:

Forecasting ingredient usage
Preventing food waste
Auto-ordering from suppliers
Keeping kitchen inventory lean and updated

Tools to explore:

Apicbase
BlueCart
MarketMan

🎯 Final Thoughts

AI is no longer the future — it’s the present of inventory management. Whether you're running a small shop, warehouse, or restaurant, integrating AI will transform your workflow, reduce errors, and boost profits.

📞 Want a Custom AI Inventory Solution for Your Business?

💬 Message us for a FREE consultation or template download:
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Tuesday, January 7, 2025

Sets in Python Definition Characteristics Creating Duplicate Efficiency Exercise

Definition of Sets
- Sets are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
- One of four built-in data types in Python for collections, alongside List, Tuple, and Dictionary.
Characteristics of Sets
- Unordered: Items do not have a defined order and appear in a random sequence.
- Unchangeable: Items cannot be modified after creation, but items can be added or removed.
- Unindexed: Items cannot be accessed via an index or key.
- No Duplicates: Each item must be unique within the set.
Creating a Set
- Sets are defined using curly brackets ({}).
- Example: myset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}.
- Sets can also be created using the set() constructor.
Duplicate Values
- Sets do not allow duplicate values.
- The values True and 1 are treated as duplicates.
- The values False and 0 are treated as duplicates.
Checking the Length
- Use the len() function to determine the number of items in a set.
- Example: len(myset).
Data Types in Sets
- Set items can be of any data type (e.g., strings, integers, booleans).
- A set can contain mixed data types.
Using the set() Constructor
- Example: set(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) creates a set.
Python Collections (Comparison)
- List: Ordered, changeable, allows duplicates.
- Tuple: Ordered, unchangeable, allows duplicates.
- Set: Unordered, unchangeable, unindexed, no duplicates.
- Dictionary: Ordered (Python 3.7+), changeable, no duplicates.
Exercise
- Example question: Which one is a set?
  - Correct answer: myset = {'apple', 'banana', 'cherry'}.
Efficiency and Usefulness
- Choosing the right collection type can improve efficiency, security, and retention of meaning.

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1. Access Items in a Set

Indexing Not Allowed: Items in a set cannot be accessed using an index or a key.
Looping Through Items: You can loop through the set using a for loop.
- Example:
```
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
for x in thisset:
    print(x)
```
Check for Item Presence: Use the in keyword to check if a value exists in the set.
- Example:
```
print("banana" in thisset)
```
Check for Item Absence: Use the not in keyword to check if a value does not exist in the set.
- Example:
```
print("banana" not in thisset)
```

2. Changing Items in a Set

Items Cannot Be Changed: Once a set is created, its items cannot be modified.
Adding New Items: You can add new items to a set.

These points summarize all key aspects of accessing and working with items in a set.

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1. Adding Items to a Set

Items Cannot Be Changed: Once a set is created, its existing items cannot be modified.

Adding New Items: You can add new items to a set using the add() method.

Example:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.add("orange")
print(thisset)

2. Adding Items from Another Set

Use the update() Method: To add all items from one set to another, use the update() method.

Example:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
tropical = {"pineapple", "mango", "papaya"}
thisset.update(tropical)
print(thisset)

3. Adding Any Iterable

Accepts Iterable Objects: The update() method can add items from any iterable object, such as tuples, lists, or dictionaries.
- Example (Adding a List):
```
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
mylist = ["kiwi", "orange"]
thisset.update(mylist)
print(thisset)
```

4. Exercise

Correct Syntax for Adding Items:
- Answer: add()

These points summarize how to add items to a set in Python.

Here is a list of all key points from the text:

1. Removing Items from a Set

Methods for Removing Items: Use the remove() or discard() methods.
- Example (Using remove()):
```
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.remove("banana")
print(thisset)
```
  Note: If the item does not exist, remove() will raise an error.
- Example (Using discard()):
```
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.discard("banana")
print(thisset)
```
  Note: If the item does not exist, discard() will NOT raise an error.

2. Removing a Random Item

Use the pop() Method: Removes a random item from the set.
- Example:
```
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
x = thisset.pop()
print(x)  # Removed item
print(thisset)  # Remaining set
```
  Note: Since sets are unordered, you cannot predict which item will be removed.
  Return Value: The removed item is returned by the pop() method.

3. Clearing the Set

Use the clear() Method: Empties the set.

Example:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.clear()
print(thisset)  # Outputs: set()

4. Deleting the Set

Use the del Keyword: Deletes the set entirely.

Example:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
del thisset
# Accessing `thisset` after this will raise an error as it no longer exists.

5. Exercise

Correct Syntax for Removing an Item:
- Answer: remove()

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Here is a list of key points from the text:

1. Looping Through Set Items

Using a for Loop: You can iterate over items in a set using a for loop.
- Example:
```
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
for x in thisset:
    print(x)
```
  Note: Since sets are unordered, the order of items in the loop is not guaranteed.

2. Exercise

Correct Syntax for Looping Through Set Items:

Answer:

for x in {'apple', 'banana', 'cherry'}:
    print(x)

These points summarize how to loop through a set and identify the correct syntax for iterating over set items.

-------------

Python - Join Sets: Key Points

1. Joining Sets

union() method: Combines all items from both sets into a new set.

Example:

set1 = {"a", "b", "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3}
set3 = set1.union(set2)
print(set3)

| operator: An alternative to union() for joining sets.
- Example:
```
set3 = set1 | set2
print(set3)
```

2. Joining Multiple Sets

Using union() method: Add multiple sets in parentheses separated by commas.
- Example:
```
myset = set1.union(set2, set3, set4)
print(myset)
```
Using | operator: Separate multiple sets with additional | operators.
- Example:
```
myset = set1 | set2 | set3 | set4
print(myset)
```

3. Joining a Set and Other Data Types

union() method: Allows joining sets with lists, tuples, etc., resulting in a set.
- Example:
```
x = {"a", "b", "c"}
y = (1, 2, 3)
z = x.union(y)
print(z)
```
- Note: The | operator works only with sets.

4. Updating Sets

update() method: Adds all items from one set to another and modifies the original set.
- Example:
```
set1 = {"a", "b", "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3}
set1.update(set2)
print(set1)
```

5. Intersection of Sets

intersection() method: Returns a new set with only common items (duplicates) from both sets.
- Example:
```
set3 = set1.intersection(set2)
print(set3)
```
& operator: Alternative to intersection().
- Example:
```
set3 = set1 & set2
print(set3)
```
intersection_update() method: Keeps only duplicates in the original set.
- Example:
```
set1.intersection_update(set2)
print(set1)
```

6. Difference of Sets

difference() method: Returns items from the first set not present in the second set.
- Example:
```
set3 = set1.difference(set2)
print(set3)
```
- operator: Alternative to difference().
- Example:
```
set3 = set1 - set2
print(set3)
```
difference_update() method: Modifies the original set to keep items not in the other set.
- Example:
```
set1.difference_update(set2)
print(set1)
```

7. Symmetric Difference of Sets

symmetric_difference() method: Keeps all items except the duplicates from both sets.
- Example:
```
set3 = set1.symmetric_difference(set2)
print(set3)
```
^ operator: Alternative to symmetric_difference().
- Example:
```
set3 = set1 ^ set2
print(set3)
```
symmetric_difference_update() method: Keeps all except duplicates in the original set.
- Example:
```
set1.symmetric_difference_update(set2)
print(set1)
```

8. Special Cases

Duplicate Value Consideration:
- True and 1 are considered the same value.
- False and 0 are considered the same value.
- Example:
```
set1 = {"apple", 1, "banana", 0}
set2 = {False, "google", 1, True}
set3 = set1.intersection(set2)
print(set3)
```

9. Exercise

Correct Syntax for Joining Sets:

Answer:
```
set3 = set1.union(set2)
```

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Set Methods and Descriptions

add()
Adds an element to the set.
clear()
Removes all the elements from the set.
copy()
Returns a copy of the set.
difference() (-)
Returns a set containing the difference between two or more sets.
difference_update() (-=)
Removes the items in this set that are also included in another, specified set.
discard()
Removes the specified item without raising an error if the item doesn't exist.
intersection() (&)
Returns a set that is the intersection of two other sets (common items).
intersection_update() (&=)
Removes the items in this set that are not present in other, specified set(s).
isdisjoint()
Returns whether two sets have no intersection (True if they share no elements).
issubset() (<=)
Returns whether all items in this set are present in another specified set.
<
Returns whether this set is a proper subset of another set.
issuperset() (>=)
Returns whether all items in another set are present in this set.
>
Returns whether this set is a proper superset of another set.
pop()
Removes and returns an arbitrary element from the set (raises an error if the set is empty).
remove()
Removes the specified element (raises an error if the element does not exist).
symmetric_difference() (^)
Returns a set with the symmetric differences of two sets (items not present in both sets).
symmetric_difference_update() (^=)
Updates the set with the symmetric differences of this set and another.
union() (|)
Returns a set containing the union of two or more sets (all unique elements from all sets).
update() (|=)
Updates the set with the union of this set and others (adds all items from the specified sets).

These methods provide a wide range of operations to manipulate and analyze sets in Python.

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Monday, December 30, 2024

Python tuples Accessing Tuple Items by Index

Definition of Tuples
- Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
- One of the four built-in data types in Python to store collections of data: List, Tuple, Set, and Dictionary.
- Tuples are ordered and unchangeable collections.
- Written with round brackets ( ).

Tuple Example

mytuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(mytuple)

Tuple Properties
- Ordered: Items have a defined order that does not change.
- Unchangeable: Items cannot be modified, added, or removed once the tuple is created.
- Allows Duplicates: Tuples can contain duplicate values.
Tuple Indexing
- Tuple items are indexed starting from [0] for the first item, [1] for the second, and so on.

Example of Duplicate Values

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry")
print(thistuple)

Tuple Length
- Use the len() function to determine the number of items in a tuple.
  Example:
```
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(len(thistuple))
```

Tuple With One Item

To create a single-item tuple, include a trailing comma:

thistuple = ("apple",)  # Tuple
print(type(thistuple))
thistuple = ("apple")  # Not a tuple
print(type(thistuple))

Tuple Items - Data Types
- Items in a tuple can be of any data type. Examples:
  - Strings: tuple1 = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
  - Integers: tuple2 = (1, 5, 7, 9, 3)
  - Booleans: tuple3 = (True, False, False)
- A tuple can also mix different data types:
```
tuple1 = ("abc", 34, True, 40, "male")
```
Tuple Data Type
- Tuples are objects of the data type <class 'tuple'>. Example:
```
mytuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(type(mytuple))
```

The tuple() Constructor

Tuples can also be created using the tuple() constructor. Example:

thistuple = tuple(("apple", "banana", "cherry"))  # Double round brackets
print(thistuple)

Python Collections Overview
- List: Ordered, changeable, allows duplicates.
- Tuple: Ordered, unchangeable, allows duplicates.
- Set: Unordered, unindexed, no duplicates, items are unchangeable (but can be added/removed).
- Dictionary: Ordered (from Python 3.7 onwards), changeable, no duplicate keys.
Choosing a Collection Type
- Understanding the properties of collection types is essential for efficiency, meaning retention, and security.
Exercise Example

Identify the tuple:

thistuple = ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')  # Tuple
thistuple = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']  # List
thistuple = {'apple', 'banana', 'cherry'}  # Set

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Accessing Tuple Items by Index
- Use square brackets [ ] to access tuple items by their index.
- Example:
```
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(thistuple[1])  # Output: banana
```
- Note: The first item has index 0.
Negative Indexing
- Negative indexing starts from the end of the tuple.
- -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second last item, and so on.
- Example:
```
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(thistuple[-1])  # Output: cherry
```
Range of Indexes
- Specify a range of indexes to retrieve multiple items.
- The result is a new tuple with the specified items.
- Example:
```
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango")
print(thistuple[2:5])  # Output: ('cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi')
```
- Note: The range includes the start index but excludes the end index.

Leaving Out Start Value

Leaving out the start index begins the range from the first item.

Example:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango")
print(thistuple[:4])  # Output: ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange')

Leaving Out End Value

Leaving out the end index continues the range to the last item.

Example:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango")
print(thistuple[2:])  # Output: ('cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi', 'melon', 'mango')

Range of Negative Indexes

Use negative indexes to specify a range starting from the end.

Example:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango")
print(thistuple[-4:-1])  # Output: ('orange', 'kiwi', 'melon')

Check if an Item Exists

Use the in keyword to check if a specific item exists in a tuple.

Example:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
if "apple" in thistuple:
    print("Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits tuple")

Exercise Question
- What is the index number of the first item?
  Answer: 0.

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Here are all the key points summarized from the provided text about updating tuples in Python:

1. Tuples Are Unchangeable (Immutable)

Tuples are immutable, meaning you cannot change, add, or remove items once created.
However, workarounds exist.

2. Change Tuple Values

Tuples themselves cannot be directly modified, but you can:
1. Convert the tuple into a list.
2. Modify the list.
3. Convert the list back into a tuple.

Example:

x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(x)
y[1] = "kiwi"
x = tuple(y)
print(x)  # Output: ('apple', 'kiwi', 'cherry')

3. Add Items to a Tuple

Tuples do not have an append() method, but you can add items using two approaches:

(1) Convert into a List:
- Convert the tuple into a list, add the new item(s), and convert it back into a tuple.
  Example:
```
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(thistuple)
y.append("orange")
thistuple = tuple(y)
print(thistuple)  # Output: ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange')
```
(2) Add Tuple to Tuple:
- Create a new tuple with the additional item(s) and concatenate it to the existing tuple.
  Example:
```
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = ("orange",)
thistuple += y
print(thistuple)  # Output: ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange')
```
Note: When creating a tuple with one item, always include a comma (,) after the item to identify it as a tuple.

4. Remove Items from a Tuple

Direct removal is not possible because tuples are immutable.
Workaround: Convert the tuple into a list, remove the item(s), and convert it back into a tuple.

Example:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
y = list(thistuple)
y.remove("apple")
thistuple = tuple(y)
print(thistuple)  # Output: ('banana', 'cherry')

Delete the Entire Tuple:

Use the del keyword to delete the entire tuple.
Example:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
del thistuple
# print(thistuple) will raise an error because the tuple no longer exists

5. Exercise Question

You cannot change the items of a tuple, but there are workarounds. Which of the following suggestions will work?

Correct Answer:
- Convert tuple into a list, change item, convert back into a tuple.
Incorrect Answers:
- Convert tuple into a set, change item, convert back into a tuple.
- Convert tuple into a dictionary, change item, convert back into a tuple.

----

Here are all the key points summarized from the provided text about unpacking tuples in Python:

1. Packing a Tuple

Packing refers to assigning multiple values to a tuple.
Example:

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

2. Unpacking a Tuple

Unpacking is extracting the values from a tuple into individual variables.
The number of variables must match the number of items in the tuple, unless an asterisk is used.
Example:

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
(green, yellow, red) = fruits

print(green)   # Output: apple
print(yellow)  # Output: banana
print(red)     # Output: cherry

3. **Using Asterisk (`*`)**

If the number of variables is less than the number of tuple items, an asterisk (*) can be used to collect the remaining values into a list.

Example 1: Assign the remaining values to the last variable:

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "strawberry", "raspberry")
(green, yellow, *red) = fruits

print(green)   # Output: apple
print(yellow)  # Output: banana
print(red)     # Output: ['cherry', 'strawberry', 'raspberry']

Example 2: Assign the remaining values to a middle variable:

The asterisk can be added to a variable that is not the last one. Python will adjust values to fit the remaining variables.

fruits = ("apple", "mango", "papaya", "pineapple", "cherry")
(green, *tropic, red) = fruits

print(green)   # Output: apple
print(tropic)  # Output: ['mango', 'papaya', 'pineapple']
print(red)     # Output: cherry

4. Exercise Question

Consider the following code:

fruits = ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
(x, y, z) = fruits
print(y)

What will be the value of y?

Correct Answer: banana

--------------------------

Here are all the key points about looping through tuples in Python:

1. Loop Through a Tuple Using a `for` Loop

You can directly iterate through tuple items using a for loop. Example:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
for x in thistuple:
    print(x)

2. Loop Through a Tuple Using Index Numbers

You can iterate through a tuple by referring to its index numbers.
Use the range() and len() functions to create an iterable sequence of index numbers. Example:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
for i in range(len(thistuple)):
    print(thistuple[i])

3. Loop Through a Tuple Using a `while` Loop

A while loop can also be used to iterate through a tuple.
Use the len() function to determine the length of the tuple.
Start at index 0 and increase the index by 1 after each iteration. Example:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
i = 0
while i < len(thistuple):
    print(thistuple[i])
    i += 1

4. Exercise Question

What is the correct syntax for looping through the items of a tuple?

Options:

for x in ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry'):
    print(x)

for x in ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
    print(x)

foreach x in ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
    print(x)

Correct Answer:
Option 1

for x in ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry'):
    print(x)

---------------------

Here are the key points about joining and multiplying tuples in Python:

1. Join Two Tuples Using the + Operator

You can join two or more tuples by using the + operator.
Example:

tuple1 = ("a", "b", "c")
tuple2 = (1, 2, 3)

tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2
print(tuple3)  # Output: ('a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3)


2. Multiply Tuples Using the * Operator

You can multiply a tuple to repeat its content a specific number of times using the * operator.
Example:

fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
mytuple = fruits * 2

print(mytuple)  # Output: ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'banana', 'cherry')


3. Exercise Question
What is the correct syntax for joining tuple1 and tuple2 into tuple3?
Options:

tuple3 = join(tuple1, tuple2)
tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2
tuple3 = [tuple1, tuple2]

Correct Answer:

Option 2
tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2
----------------------------------
Python - Tuple Methods
Python provides two built-in methods for working with tuples:

1. count() Method

Description: Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in the tuple.
Example:
thistuple = (1, 2, 3, 2, 2, 4)
occurrences = thistuple.count(2)
print(occurrences)  # Output: 3




2. index() Method

Description: Searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position (index) of its first occurrence.
Example:
thistuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
position = thistuple.index(3)
print(position)  # Output: 2




These methods can be applied directly to any tuple to analyze or retrieve specific data.

Friday, December 27, 2024

Python Lists Creating Properties Items Length Data Types Constructor Collections syntax

Python Lists
- Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
- One of the four built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data (the others are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary).
Creating Lists
- Lists are created using square brackets ([]).
- Example:
```
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist)
```
List Properties
- Ordered: Items have a defined order, which doesn’t change unless explicitly altered.
- Changeable: You can add, remove, and modify items after creation.
- Allow Duplicates: Lists can have items with duplicate values.
List Items
- Items are indexed: The first item has index [0], the second [1], and so on.
- Example of duplicate values:
```
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"]
print(thislist)
```
List Length
- Use len() to determine the number of items in a list.
- Example:
```
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(thislist))
```
List Items - Data Types
- List items can be of any data type (string, integer, boolean, etc.).
- A list can even contain mixed data types.
- Examples:
```
list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
list3 = [True, False, False]
list4 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]
```
Type of a List
- From Python’s perspective, lists are objects of the data type 'list'.
- Example:
```
mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(type(mylist))
```

The list() Constructor

You can create a list using the list() constructor.

Example:

thislist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry"))  # note the double round brackets
print(thislist)

Python Collections (Arrays)
- List: Ordered and changeable. Allows duplicates.
- Tuple: Ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicates.
- Set: Unordered, unchangeable*, unindexed. No duplicates.
- Dictionary: Ordered** and changeable. No duplicates.
- Notes:
  - Set items are unchangeable, but you can add/remove items.
  - Dictionaries are ordered as of Python 3.7.
Choosing a Collection Type
- Understanding properties of different types is crucial for efficiency, security, and meaning retention.
Exercise Example

What will be the result of the syntax:

mylist = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
print(mylist[1])

Answer: banana.

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Python List Items:

Access Items by Index

Indexed access: Use index numbers to access list items. Index starts at 0.

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist[1])  # Output: "banana"

Note: The first item has index 0.

Negative Indexing

Access from the end: Negative indexing starts at -1 for the last item.

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist[-1])  # Output: "cherry"

Examples:
- -1 = Last item
- -2 = Second-last item

Range of Indexes

Slice a range: Specify start and end indexes for a subset.

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[2:5])  # Output: ['cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi']

Important Notes:
- Start index is included, end index is not included.
- Start defaults to 0 if omitted.
- End defaults to last item if omitted.

Examples:

# From the beginning to "kiwi" (not included)
print(thislist[:4])  # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange']

# From "cherry" to the end
print(thislist[2:])  # Output: ['cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi', 'melon', 'mango']

Range of Negative Indexes

Use negative indexes to slice from the end.

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[-4:-1])  # Output: ['orange', 'kiwi', 'melon']

Example: Start at -4 ("orange") and end before -1 ("mango").

Check if Item Exists

Use the in keyword to check if an item is in a list.

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
if "apple" in thislist:
    print("Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits list")

Exercise

What will be the result of the following syntax?

mylist = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
print(mylist[-1])

Answer: cherry.

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Changing Python List Items

1. Change Item Value

To change a specific item, use its index:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist[1] = "blackcurrant"
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'blackcurrant', 'cherry']

2. Change a Range of Item Values

Replace a range with a new list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "mango"]
thislist[1:3] = ["blackcurrant", "watermelon"]
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'blackcurrant', 'watermelon', 'orange', 'kiwi', 'mango']

3. Insert More Items Than Replaced

If the new list has more items than the replaced range, the extra items are inserted, shifting the remaining elements:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist[1:2] = ["blackcurrant", "watermelon"]
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'blackcurrant', 'watermelon', 'cherry']

4. Insert Fewer Items Than Replaced

If the new list has fewer items than the replaced range, the remaining elements shift accordingly:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist[1:3] = ["watermelon"]
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'watermelon']

5. Insert Items Without Replacing

Use the insert() method to add an item at a specific index without replacing existing items:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.insert(2, "watermelon")
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'watermelon', 'cherry']

Exercise

What will be the result of the following syntax?

mylist = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
mylist[0] = 'kiwi'
print(mylist[1])

Answer: banana.

Explanation:

mylist[0] = 'kiwi' replaces "apple" with "kiwi."
The list becomes ['kiwi', 'banana', 'cherry'].
Printing mylist[1] outputs the second item, which is "banana".

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Key Points on Adding Items to Python Lists

1. Append Items

Use the append() method to add an item to the end of the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.append("orange")
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange']

2. Insert Items

Use the insert() method to add an item at a specified index:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.insert(1, "orange")
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'orange', 'banana', 'cherry']

3. Extend List

Use the extend() method to append elements from another list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
tropical = ["mango", "pineapple", "papaya"]
thislist.extend(tropical)
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'mango', 'pineapple', 'papaya']

Note: The elements of the second list are added to the end of the current list.

4. Add Any Iterable

The extend() method can also append elements from any iterable object (e.g., tuples, sets, or dictionaries):

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thistuple = ("kiwi", "orange")
thislist.extend(thistuple)
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'kiwi', 'orange']

Exercise

What will be the result of the following syntax?

mylist = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
mylist.insert(0, 'orange')
print(mylist[1])

Answer: apple.

Explanation:

mylist.insert(0, 'orange') inserts "orange" at index 0.
The updated list becomes ['orange', 'apple', 'banana', 'cherry'].
Printing mylist[1] outputs the second item, which is "apple".

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Key Points on Removing Items from Python Lists

1. Remove a Specified Item

Use the remove() method to remove the first occurrence of the specified value:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.remove("banana")
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'cherry']

If there are duplicate items, remove() will only remove the first occurrence:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "banana", "kiwi"]
thislist.remove("banana")
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'cherry', 'banana', 'kiwi']

2. Remove an Item by Index

Use the pop() method to remove the item at a specific index:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.pop(1)
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'cherry']

If no index is specified, pop() will remove the last item:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.pop()
print(thislist)  # Output: ['apple', 'banana']

3. Remove an Item Using `del`

Use the del keyword to remove an item at a specific index:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del thislist[0]
print(thislist)  # Output: ['banana', 'cherry']

Use del to delete the entire list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
del thislist
# List no longer exists

4. Clear the Entire List

Use the clear() method to empty the list while keeping the list object:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.clear()
print(thislist)  # Output: []

Exercise

What is a list method for removing list items?

Options:
- pop() ✅
- push() ❌
- delete() ❌

Answer: pop().

Explanation:

pop() is a built-in method for removing items from a list by index.

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Looping Through Python Lists

1. Loop Through a List Using `for` Loop

You can directly loop through the items in a list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in thislist:
    print(x)

Output:

apple
banana
cherry

2. Loop Through the List Using Index Numbers

Use range() and len() to loop through items by their index:
```
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for i in range(len(thislist)):
    print(thislist[i])
```
Output:
```
apple
banana
cherry
```
- Here, the range [0, 1, 2] is created for the list indices.

3. Loop Through a List Using a `while` Loop

Use the while loop with the index and the length of the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
i = 0
while i < len(thislist):
    print(thislist[i])
    i += 1

Output:

apple
banana
cherry

4. Loop Through a List Using List Comprehension

Use list comprehension for a more concise looping syntax:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
[print(x) for x in thislist]

Output:

apple
banana
cherry

Exercise

What is the correct syntax for looping through the items of a list?

Options:

for x in ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']:
    print(x)
``` ✅

for x in ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
    print(x)
``` ❌ (Missing colon `:`)

foreach x in ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
    print(x)
``` ❌ (Python does not use `foreach`)

Answer: Option 1.

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Python List Comprehension

1. What is List Comprehension?

Definition: A shorter syntax to create a new list based on values from an existing list.

Example (Traditional Approach):

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]
newlist = []

for x in fruits:
    if "a" in x:
        newlist.append(x)

print(newlist)

Output:

['apple', 'banana', 'mango']

Example (Using List Comprehension):

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"]
newlist = [x for x in fruits if "a" in x]
print(newlist)

Output:

['apple', 'banana', 'mango']

2. Syntax

newlist = [expression for item in iterable if condition == True]

expression: The item or manipulated version of the item to include in the new list.
iterable: The original list, range, tuple, etc., being iterated.
condition: (Optional) Filters the items to be included in the new list.

3. Condition

Filters the items that evaluate to True.

Example: Exclude "apple":

newlist = [x for x in fruits if x != "apple"]
print(newlist)

Output:

['banana', 'cherry', 'kiwi', 'mango']

Condition is Optional: Without a condition:

newlist = [x for x in fruits]
print(newlist)

Output:

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'kiwi', 'mango']

4. Iterable

Any iterable object can be used, e.g., lists, tuples, sets, etc.

Example: Use range():

newlist = [x for x in range(10)]
print(newlist)

Output:

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Example with a condition (Numbers less than 5):

newlist = [x for x in range(10) if x < 5]
print(newlist)

Output:

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

5. Expression

Manipulate each item in the iteration.

Example: Convert to uppercase:

newlist = [x.upper() for x in fruits]
print(newlist)

Output:

['APPLE', 'BANANA', 'CHERRY', 'KIWI', 'MANGO']

Example: Set all values to "hello":

newlist = ['hello' for x in fruits]
print(newlist)

Output:

['hello', 'hello', 'hello', 'hello', 'hello']

Example: Use condition in the expression (Replace "banana" with "orange"):

newlist = [x if x != "banana" else "orange" for x in fruits]
print(newlist)

Output:

['apple', 'orange', 'cherry', 'kiwi', 'mango']

Exercise

Question:
Given the code:

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
newlist = [x for x in fruits if x == 'banana']

What will be the value of newlist?

Options:

['apple', 'cherry']
['banana'] ✅
True

Answer: ['banana']

****************

Key Points on Python - Sorting Lists

1. Sort List Alphanumerically (Ascending by Default)

The sort() method sorts lists alphabetically or numerically in ascending order.

Example (Alphabetical Sort):

thislist = ["orange", "mango", "kiwi", "pineapple", "banana"]
thislist.sort()
print(thislist)

Output:

['banana', 'kiwi', 'mango', 'orange', 'pineapple']

Example (Numerical Sort):

thislist = [100, 50, 65, 82, 23]
thislist.sort()
print(thislist)

Output:

[23, 50, 65, 82, 100]

2. Sort in Descending Order

Use the keyword argument reverse=True to sort in descending order.

Example (Descending Alphabetical Sort):

thislist = ["orange", "mango", "kiwi", "pineapple", "banana"]
thislist.sort(reverse=True)
print(thislist)

Output:

['pineapple', 'orange', 'mango', 'kiwi', 'banana']

Example (Descending Numerical Sort):

thislist = [100, 50, 65, 82, 23]
thislist.sort(reverse=True)
print(thislist)

Output:

[100, 82, 65, 50, 23]

3. Customize the Sort Function

Use the key=function argument to define a custom sort function.

Example (Sort by Distance to 50):

def myfunc(n):
    return abs(n - 50)

thislist = [100, 50, 65, 82, 23]
thislist.sort(key=myfunc)
print(thislist)

Output:

[50, 65, 23, 82, 100]

4. Case Sensitivity in Sorting

By default, sort() is case-sensitive, placing uppercase letters before lowercase ones.

Example (Case-Sensitive Sort):

thislist = ["banana", "Orange", "Kiwi", "cherry"]
thislist.sort()
print(thislist)

Output:

['Kiwi', 'Orange', 'banana', 'cherry']

5. Case-Insensitive Sorting

Use the key=str.lower argument to perform a case-insensitive sort.

Example:

thislist = ["banana", "Orange", "Kiwi", "cherry"]
thislist.sort(key=str.lower)
print(thislist)

Output:

['banana', 'cherry', 'Kiwi', 'Orange']

6. Reverse the Order

The reverse() method reverses the current order of list items, regardless of their values.

Example:

thislist = ["banana", "Orange", "Kiwi", "cherry"]
thislist.reverse()
print(thislist)

Output:

['cherry', 'Kiwi', 'Orange', 'banana']

Exercise

Question:
What is the correct syntax for sorting a list?

Options:

mylist.orderby(0)
mylist.order()
mylist.sort() ✅

Answer:
mylist.sort()

*****************

Key Points on Python - Copying Lists

1. Problem with Direct Assignment

Direct assignment (list2 = list1) does not create a new list; instead, list2 becomes a reference to list1.
Changes made to list1 will automatically reflect in list2.

2. Using the `copy()` Method

The copy() method creates a shallow copy of the list, independent of the original list.

Example:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
mylist = thislist.copy()
print(mylist)

Output:

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

3. Using the `list()` Method

The list() method can also create a new list from an existing one.

Example:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
mylist = list(thislist)
print(mylist)

Output:

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

4. Using the Slice (`:`) Operator

The slice operator ([:]) creates a copy of the entire list.

Example:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
mylist = thislist[:]
print(mylist)

Output:

['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

Exercise

Question:
What is the correct syntax for making a copy of a list?

Options:

list2 = list1
list2 = list1.copy() ✅
list2.copy(list1)

Answer:
list2 = list1.copy()

Here are all the points related to joining lists in Python:

Using the + Operator: The easiest way to join two lists is by using the + operator.

Example:

list1 = ["a", "b", "c"]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
list3 = list1 + list2
print(list3)

Output:

['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]

Using the append() Method: Another way to join two lists is by appending each item from list2 to list1 one by one.

Example:
```
list1 = ["a", "b", "c"]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
for x in list2:
    list1.append(x)
print(list1)
```
Output:
```
['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]
```
Using the extend() Method: You can also use the extend() method, which adds elements from one list to another list.

Example:
```
list1 = ["a", "b", "c"]
list2 = [1, 2, 3]
list1.extend(list2)
print(list1)
```
Output:
```
['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3]
```

Exercise Question:
What is a correct syntax for joining list1 and list2 into list3?

Options:

list3 = join(list1, list2)
list3 = list1 + list2
list3 = [list1, list2]

Correct answer:

list3 = list1 + list2

Here are all the points related to Python list methods:

List Methods in Python:

append()
Adds an element at the end of the list.
Example:
```
list1.append(4)
```
clear()
Removes all the elements from the list.
Example:
```
list1.clear()
```
copy()
Returns a copy of the list.
Example:
```
list2 = list1.copy()
```
count()
Returns the number of elements with the specified value.
Example:
```
list1.count(2)
```
extend()
Adds the elements of a list (or any iterable) to the end of the current list.
Example:
```
list1.extend([4, 5, 6])
```
index()
Returns the index of the first element with the specified value.
Example:
```
list1.index(3)
```
insert()
Adds an element at the specified position.
Example:
```
list1.insert(1, 'a')
```
pop()
Removes the element at the specified position and returns it.
Example:
```
list1.pop(2)
```
remove()
Removes the item with the specified value.
Example:
```
list1.remove(3)
```
reverse()
Reverses the order of the list.
Example:
```
list1.reverse()
```
sort()
Sorts the list.
Example:
```
list1.sort()
```

Main Menu

Wednesday, January 8, 2025

Inventory Management System BIT UCSC UoM BSc Software Engineering Projects github source code PHP for students download Sri Lanka

Welcome to Inventory System

User Management Made Easy

Advanced Reporting Tools

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View Users

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1. 📊 Smarter Forecasting

2. 🤖 Automated Reordering

3. 🏬 Optimized Storage and Space Usage

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5. ⏱️ Real-Time Inventory Visibility

6. 😊 Better Customer Satisfaction

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🔍 What is AI Inventory Management Software?

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🏆 Best AI Inventory Management Software (2025)

📱 AI Inventory Management Apps (Mobile-Friendly)

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📚 Case Study: AI in Inventory Management

📂 Download: Free AI Inventory Template (Excel/Google Sheets)

🧠 Build Your Own AI Inventory Assistant (Low-Code Tools)

🍽️ AI Inventory Management for Restaurants

🎯 Final Thoughts

📞 Want a Custom AI Inventory Solution for Your Business?

Tuesday, January 7, 2025

Sets in Python Definition Characteristics Creating Duplicate Efficiency Exercise

1. Access Items in a Set

2. Changing Items in a Set

1. Adding Items to a Set

2. Adding Items from Another Set

3. Adding Any Iterable

4. Exercise

1. Removing Items from a Set

2. Removing a Random Item

3. Clearing the Set

4. Deleting the Set

5. Exercise

1. Looping Through Set Items

2. Exercise

Python - Join Sets: Key Points

1. Joining Sets

2. Joining Multiple Sets

3. Joining a Set and Other Data Types

4. Updating Sets

5. Intersection of Sets

6. Difference of Sets

7. Symmetric Difference of Sets

8. Special Cases

9. Exercise

Set Methods and Descriptions

Monday, December 30, 2024

Python tuples Accessing Tuple Items by Index

1. Tuples Are Unchangeable (Immutable)

2. Change Tuple Values

3. Add Items to a Tuple

4. Remove Items from a Tuple

5. Exercise Question

1. Packing a Tuple

2. Unpacking a Tuple

3. Using Asterisk (*)

4. Exercise Question

1. Loop Through a Tuple Using a for Loop

2. Loop Through a Tuple Using Index Numbers

3. Loop Through a Tuple Using a while Loop

4. Exercise Question

1. Join Two Tuples Using the + Operator

2. Multiply Tuples Using the * Operator

3. Exercise Question

Python - Tuple Methods

1. count() Method

2. index() Method

Friday, December 27, 2024

Python Lists Creating Properties Items Length Data Types Constructor Collections syntax

Python List Items:

Access Items by Index

Negative Indexing

3. **Using Asterisk (`*`)**

1. Loop Through a Tuple Using a `for` Loop

3. Loop Through a Tuple Using a `while` Loop

1. Join Two Tuples Using the `+` Operator

2. **Multiply Tuples Using the `*` Operator**

1. `count()` Method

2. `index()` Method

3. Remove an Item Using `del`

1. Loop Through a List Using `for` Loop

3. Loop Through a List Using a `while` Loop

2. Using the `copy()` Method

3. Using the `list()` Method

4. Using the Slice (`:`) Operator