Grade 6 History English Medium Unit 1.1 Looking back at the past and learning what has happened belong to studying history

 

Hello class! Today, we are going to talk about history, which is like a big, interesting story about things that happened a long time ago.

1.1 What is History?

Imagine, people have been living on Earth for a very, very long time. They lived in different parts of the world, made their places comfortable to live, and had friendships and connections with each other. All these stories about what happened in the past make up history. So, history is like reading and learning about the details of people who lived a long time ago.

1.2 How to Study History...

Now, none of us were around a thousand years ago, right? So, we don't personally know what happened back then. But there are cool ways to find out!

For example:

• I haven't seen my grandfather's mother, but my dad told me stories about her.
• I haven't seen how my school was built, but there's an article in our school magazine that explains it.
• I don't know about the elders who served our village, but our principal talked about them in the school assembly.

These events are part of our personal history. When we want to know about history more broadly, we ask questions like:

• What did the thrones of our kings look like?
• What kind of money did people use in our country a long time ago?

To find answers, we have special things called "sources."

Sources for Learning History:

1. Literary sources: These are old written records, like ancient books and folktales.

   • Example: Books like Deepawamsa and Mahawamsa tell us stories from a long time ago.

2. Archaeological sources: These are things that are left from the past, like old items, buildings, and their remains.

   • Example: At Galvihara in Polonnaruwa, we have archaeological sources like buildings and sculptures made by King Parakramabahu I in the 12th century.

Examples of Sources for Studying Sri Lankan History:

1. Deepawamsa (Literary Source):

   • Time of Composition: 4th Century AD
   • Author: Not known

2. Mahawamsa (Literary Source):

   • Time of Composition: 5th Century AD
   • Author: Mahanama Thero of Diksanda Senewiya Pirivena, affiliated to Mahaviharaya

3. Galvihara in Polonnaruwa (Archaeological Source):

• Time of Construction: 12th Century AD
• Author: King Parakramabahu I

Looking back at the past and learning what has happened belong to studying history.

1.1 What is History?

People have been living on this earth for quite a long time. During that time,

(a) They have lived in different parts of the world.

(b) They have made their environment conducive for their living.

(c) They have maintained relationships with each other.

The story that describes these past events is history. In short, history means studying and describing the details of the people who lived in the past.

1.2 How to Study History...

We did not exist thousand years ago.

Therefore, we do not have any knowledge of what happened in the past. Pay your attention to what is given below.

(a) I haven’t seen my grandfather’s  mother.

(b) I haven’t seen how my school was built.

(c) I do not know about the elders who  served our village.

All of those events belong to the history of your life. Then, how do you know about them?

(a) My father has told me about the mother of my grandfather.

(b) An article in our school magazine has described how my school was constructed.

(c) Our principal sir told us about the elders who served our village, in the school assembly.

When you learn history, you may have questions such as these;

(a) What was the shape of the throne on which our kings had sat?

(b) What type of currency was used in our country in ancient times?

 Such a throne has been placed in the Colombo National Museum.

 We have seen many old coins kept in the museum.

You can realize what a throne is by seeing it with your own eyes. We are able to get some knowledge about coins by seeing them.

We learn history referring to books written in ancient times; if not, with the help of the remaining articles used by the people who lived in the past. In addition to these two ways, we can learn about history through stories about the past narrated by our elders. There is a common term used to introduce everything which helps us to study history; that is ‘a source’.

Many things about history can be learnt from the elders.

There are two types of sources which are useful to study history.

(a) Literary sources – (ancient written records such as old books and folktales)

(b) Archaeological sources – (what is remaining now, which belonged to the past, such as old articles, building constructions and their ruins)

Examples:

Human skeletons, various things left after being used by man for his food.

Some sources which are helpful to study the history of Sri Lanka

Source Type Time of composition /

construction Author

Deepawamsa Literary Source 4th Century AD Not known

Mahawamsa Literary Source 5th Century AD

Mahanama Thero of

Diksanda Senewiya Pirivena, which was affiliated to

Mahawiharaya

Galvihara in

Polonnaruwa

Archaeological

Source 12th Century AD King

Parakramabahu I

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Grade 6 Geography Unit 1 : Weather Conditions of the Immediate Surroundings of the School

 

Weather Conditions of the Immediate Surroundings of the School

The objective of this lesson is to guide you to observe the weather conditions of the immediate surroundings of your school.

Weather conditions found in various environments may vary from each other. Accordingly, there may be weather conditions such as warm, dry, rainy, windy and misty

Several places with various weather conditions

The weather condition found in a particular place may differ from the weather condition of another place. Although we identify different weather conditions in various places, they may change during the day. The reason for this is, that the nature of weather is not always the same. You can understand that the nature of the morning environment gradually changes, by the diffrences that you feel as well as by your observations of the surroundings

When observing the environment, the things that you feel and see such as temperature, rainfall and wind are called elements of weather.

The condition of the atmosphere that prevails for a short period of time in a particular area is called weather.

Change of weather conditions according to time and place is its nature.

The weather report telecast daily after the news on television reveals information about weather changes in different places. Study the following weather report carefully. 

During the last 24 hours ending at 9 a.m. today, the maximum rainfall of 200 mm was reported from Katunayaka, while the maximum temperature of 30o C was reported from Trincomalee. The minimum temperature of 12o C was reported from Nuwara Eliya. There will be heavy rains in the West, South and western slopes of the central hills during the next 24 hours due to South Western winds.

The Department of Meteorology is located at Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Colombo and there are many regional meteorological centres throughout the island connected to it.

The Department of Meteorology prepares the weather report on the basis of data, collected daily about the weather elements from various centres. At present, there are advanced equipment to measure the weather elements. Find out whether there is such a centre located in the immediate surroundings of your school.

You too can make some equipment in the classroom to measure weather conditions. Using those equipment, observe the nature of the weather in the immediate surroundings of your school and understand the differences. 

Temperature

² Temperature is the main element of weather.

² The sun provides temperature and heat.

² Using a thermometer, we can measure temperature. Temperature is measured by units of Celsius and Fahrenheit degrees.

² Dry weather conditions occur when there is extreme solar heat and temperature.

Rainfall (Precipitation)

² Water that is in oceans, on land and in plants turn into vapour due to the heat of the sun.

² This water vapour rises up in the atmosphere.Then it cools and condenses.

² Clouds are formed with the condensation of water vapour. We receive rain through this process.

² We can measure rain using a rain gauge. Rain is measured in millimetres.

Wind

² When you observe the environment, you can see moving leaves and branches of trees.You can also feel the cold.

² It happens as a result of the blowing wind.

² The branches of trees bend in the direction of wind.

² The wind that blows at a higher speed is called a storm. The wind that blows with a lesser speed is called a breeze.

² The wind direction indicator shows the direction of the wind.

² The anemometer is used to measure the speed of wind.

² It is measured in kilometres per hour.

Wind Direction Indicator and Anemometer

You can enjoy the cool breeze near oceans, rivers, streams and r eservoirs. 

Clouds

² When you observe the sky, you can see clouds of different shapes and colours. (figure 1.12)

² You can see the nature of clouds when you observe them.

² Before rain, you can see thick dark clouds in the sky.

² When there are no clouds, the sky is clear and blue.

Clouds of various shapes

According to the above information, you can collect data related to weather in the immediate surroundings of your school using different types of equipment and observations.

The weather elements, the equipment and the units used to measure them are shown in table

Weather element Equipment Unit

Degrees of Celsius/

Fahrenheit

Millimetres

Kilometres Per Hour

Direction shown by

the arrow

-

Thermometer

Rain Gauge

Anemometer

Wind Direction

Indicator

By observation

Temperature

Rainfall

Speed of wind

Direction of wind

Clouds

With the knowledge about the weather,

² You can plan your day to day activities properly.

² Damages to life and property can be prevented as information about the areas with threats of cyclones, floods and land slides as well as periods of lightning and thunder are informed beforehand.

² Fishermen and farmers will be able to engage in their activities successfully

Landscape of the Immediate Surroundings of the School (Sketch Map)

The landscape of the immediate surroundings of the school constitutes various geographical features. They can be categorized as natural features and man made features.

Geographical Features

² Highlands

² Gardens

² Buildings

² Streams

² Cultivated lands

² Forests

² Roads

² Rivers

² Playgrounds

² Low lands

The immediate surroundings of your school may be urban or rural. Schools are located in various environments such as mountainous, coastal, cultivated areas and areas close to rivers and tanks.

There is a clear difference between the picture and the sketch map.

² Some features in the picture are shown three dimensionally.

² Those features in the map are shown as plain figures.

² Shape, distance and location of geographical features can be shown clearly in a map than in a picture. 

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Hello, my awesome grade 6 students! Today, we're going to learn about something super cool – the weather around our school and the amazing things we can find in our surroundings.

So, imagine you step outside your school and feel the air around you. Is it warm, dry, rainy, windy, or a bit misty? Well, those are called weather conditions! And guess what? Different places can have different weather. For example, it might be sunny at your school, but if you go to a friend's school, it might be raining there!

Now, when you look around, what do you see and feel? That's where the magic happens! Things like how hot or cold it is, if it's raining or windy – those are called "elements of weather." And guess what? We can measure these things! Let's talk about a few cool weather elements:

1. Temperature:

The sun is like a big heater in the sky, giving us heat.

We can measure temperature with a thermometer in units called Celsius or Fahrenheit.

When it's super sunny, it's dry and hot!

2. Rainfall (Precipitation):

Water from oceans, land, and plants turns into vapor because of the sun's heat.

This vapor goes up, cools down, and turns into clouds. And you know what comes from clouds? Rain!

We measure rain with a rain gauge in millimeters.

3. Wind:

Have you ever seen leaves dancing or felt a cool breeze? That's the wind!

Wind can be a gentle breeze or a speedy storm. We measure wind speed with an anemometer in kilometers per hour.

4. Clouds:

Look up at the sky. What shapes and colors do you see? Those are clouds!

Dark clouds might mean rain is on the way. No clouds? Then the sky is clear and blue.

By knowing about these weather things, we can plan our days better! And guess what? The awesome scientists at the Department of Meteorology help us by preparing a weather report using fancy equipment. You can even make some cool weather tools in class!

Now, let's switch gears a bit. Have you ever thought about the landscape around our school? That's like the picture or map of our surroundings.

Geographical Features:

Highlands, gardens, buildings, streams, cultivated lands, forests, roads, rivers, playgrounds, low lands – these are all part of the landscape around us.

Our school might be in a city or the countryside, near mountains or rivers. And you know what's super cool? We can draw a special map to show where these awesome features are! Maps help us understand the shape and location of things better than pictures.

So, my little weather explorers and mapmakers, get ready to observe, measure, and map out the fantastic world around your school! 🌞🌧️🍃

How do you describe weather conditions?

How to weather nuwara eliya?

What is climate in Colombo today?

What are the weather zones in Sri Lanka?

What are the 4 weather conditions used to describe the weather?

How do you say good weather?

What is the best weather in Sri Lanka?

What is the weather like in Nuwara E?

Where is the best weather in Sri Lanka?

What is an example of weather?

What are the 6 basic weather?

What are the five examples of weather conditions?

What is the coldest part of Sri Lanka?

Is Sri Lanka weather hot or cold?

What is the coolest area in Sri Lanka?

Why is the weather important?

What causes weather?

What is sunny day weather?

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import gitlab : import datetime : GitLab is a web-based platform that provides source code management (SCM), continuous integration, and more. In Python, you can interact with GitLab using the GitLab API to automate various tasks, such as creating repositories, managing issues, and more. To interact with GitLab in Python, you can use the python-gitlab library.

GitLab is a web-based platform that provides source code management (SCM), continuous integration, and more. In Python, you can interact with GitLab using the GitLab API to automate various tasks, such as creating repositories, managing issues, and more. To interact with GitLab in Python, you can use the python-gitlab library.

Here's a brief overview of using python-gitlab:

1. Installation: First, you need to install the python-gitlab library using pip:

pip install python-gitlab

Authentication: You'll need to generate a private access token in your GitLab account to authenticate your Python script. Once you have the token, you can use it in your script.

from gitlab import Gitlab gitlab_url = 'https://gitlab.com' # Replace with your GitLab instance URL private_token = 'your_access_token' gl = Gitlab(gitlab_url, private_token=private_token)

Working with Projects: You can create new projects, list existing projects, and access project details:

# Create a new project project = gl.projects.create({'name': 'my_project'}) # List all projects projects = gl.projects.list() # Access project details project = gl.projects.get('project_id')

Working with Issues: You can create, list, and manipulate issues within a project:

# Create a new issue issue = project.issues.create({'title': 'New Issue', 'description': 'This is a new issue'}) # List all issues in a project issues = project.issues.list() # Access issue details issue = project.issues.get(issue_id)

Working with Merge Requests: You can create, list, and manipulate merge requests within a project:

# Create a new merge request merge_request = project.mergerequests.create({'source_branch': 'feature-branch', 'target_branch': 'main', 'title': 'New MR'}) # List all merge requests in a project merge_requests = project.mergerequests.list() # Access merge request details merge_request = project.mergerequests.get(merge_request_id)

Handling Commits: You can work with commits, retrieve commit details, and list commits:

# List all commits in a project commits = project.commits.list() # Access commit details commit = project.commits.get(sha='commit_sha')

These are just a few examples of what you can do with python-gitlab.

How to import files into GitLab? How to import code to GitLab? How to import GitLab into GitHub? How do I import a GitLab project into another project? How to import git files? How do I import a CSV file into GitLab? How do you use GitLab? How do I import code into GitHub? How long does GitLab import take? Which is better GitLab or GitHub? How do I clone a project in GitLab? How do I copy files from one GitLab project to another? Can I connect GitLab to GitHub? Can I use GitHub for GitLab? How to install GitLab in local? How to get code from GitLab? How to Import a group in GitLab? What does GitLab do? Is GitLab paid or free? How to create a GitLab? Can we run code on GitLab?

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In Python, the datetime module is part of the standard library and provides classes for working with dates and times. It offers a versatile set of functionalities to manipulate and handle dates, times, and time intervals. Here's an overview of the main classes and functions provided by the datetime module:

Classes:

1. datetime.datetime: This class represents a point in time and combines information about the date and time. Instances of this class have attributes such as year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and microsecond.

from datetime import datetime # Current date and time now = datetime.now() print(now) # Creating a specific date and time specific_date = datetime(2022, 12, 1, 12, 30, 0) print(specific_date)

datetime.date: This class represents a date without the time information.

from datetime import date # Current date today = date.today() print(today) # Creating a specific date specific_date = date(2022, 12, 1) print(specific_date)

datetime.time: This class represents a time without the date information.

from datetime import time # Creating a specific time specific_time = time(12, 30, 0) print(specific_time)

datetime.timedelta: This class represents the difference between two dates or times

from datetime import timedelta # Time difference between two dates difference = timedelta(days=5, hours=3)

Functions and Methods:

1. datetime.now(): Returns the current date and time.

2. datetime.combine(date, time): Combines a date object and a time object into a datetime object.

from datetime import datetime, date, time current_date = date.today() current_time = time(12, 30, 0) combined_datetime = datetime.combine(current_date, current_time)

datetime.strptime(date_string, format): Parses a string representing a date and time according to a specified format.

date_string = "2022-12-01 12:30:00" formatted_date = datetime.strptime(date_string, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")

datetime.strftime(format): Formats a datetime object as a string according to a specified format.

formatted_string = specific_date.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")

Arithmetic operations: You can perform arithmetic operations on datetime objects and timedelta objects.

future_date = current_date + timedelta(days=7)

What does import datetime mean? How to import time from datetime in Python? What is the datetime library in Python? How to use datetime format Python? What is datetime used for? Why do we import datetime in Python? Should I use date or datetime? Should I use time or datetime? How do I use datetime date today? What is DateTime format in Python? Is DateTime a package in Python? What is the difference between date and DateTime Python? What is the format of datetime now? How to install datetime module in Python? What type of datetime is pandas? What is datetime vs timestamp? What is the best datetime format? How to use timestamp in Python? What is the difference between date and DateTime? Is DateTime a good primary key? Does DateTime use UTC? How to format DateTime format? How do I convert DateTime to date format? What is 24 hour format DateTime? Is PM in the morning? What is the format for hour and minute in datetime? What hour is 2 pm? What is mm in date? What is SSS in time? What does month month year year mean? Does datetime have timezone? What is the format for timestamp? What is the format for time zone?

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