GCE A/L ICT Competency 11.1 - IoT & Embedded Systems Notes Questions and Answers Model Paper Online ICT Classes

🌐 G.C.E. A/L ICT – Competency 11.1

Internet of Things (IoT) | Basic Digital / Embedded System Building Blocks | Arduino & Practical Applications

Embedded Systems Microcontroller Development Board Arduino IDE Sensors & Outputs

🧠 1. Embedded System (உட்பொதிக்கப்பட்ட அமைப்பு) ▼

எளிய வரையறை:
ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட செயல்பாட்டை கட்டுப்படுத்துவதற்காக ஒரு electronic/mechanical சாதனத்திற்குள் பொருத்தப்பட்ட கணினி அமைப்பு Embedded System எனப்படும்.

உதாரணங்கள்

Washing machine Microwave oven Digital camera Traffic light controller Air conditioner Car engine control Smart security system

Example: Automatic Fan System

Temperature Sensor (Input) ↓ Microcontroller (Decision) ↓ Fan (Output ON/OFF)

Logic:
Temperature > 30°C → Fan ON
Temperature ≤ 30°C → Fan OFF

இதுவே ஒரு சிறிய Embedded System ஆகும்.

⚙️ 2. Microprocessor vs Microcontroller ▼

இந்த இரண்டு சொற்களையும் exam-ல் குழப்பிக்கொள்ள கூடாது.

Microprocessor

CPU-வை மட்டும் ஒரு chip-ல் கொண்ட processing unit. RAM, Storage, I/O போன்றவை வெளிப்புறமாக தேவைப்படும்.

Example: Intel Core, AMD (Desktop PCs)

Microcontroller

CPU, Memory, I/O ports, Timers, ADC போன்ற அனைத்தும் ஒரே chip-ல் ஒருங்கிணைக்கப்பட்ட சிறிய control computer.

Example: ATmega328P (Arduino-வில்)

🛠️ 3. Development Board & PC vs Dev Board ▼

Development Board என்பது மாணவர்கள்/Developers electronic applications உருவாக்கவும், program செய்யவும் பயன்படுத்தும் ஒரு platform ஆகும்.

Examples: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Micro:bit

Traditional Computer vs Development Board

Traditional Computer (PC)	Development Board (Arduino)
General-purpose tasks	Specific control tasks
Keyboard, mouse (Inputs)	Sensors, switches (Inputs)
Monitor, printer (Outputs)	LED, motor, fan (Outputs)
பெரிய Operating System தேவை	சிறிய control program போதுமானது
அதிக processing resources	குறைந்த resources-ல் வேலை செய்யும்
General computing	Embedded / physical control

📟 4. Arduino Board – முக்கிய Building Blocks ▼

Analog Input

தொடர்ச்சியாக மாறக்கூடிய values (Temperature, Light). ADC மூலம் 0-1023 digital value ஆக மாற்றப்படும்.

Digital Input / Output

இரண்டு நிலைகள் மட்டுமே: HIGH (1) அல்லது LOW (0). (Eg: Push button, LED).

RX / TX Pins

RX (Receive): Data பெற (Pin 0).
TX (Transmit): Data அனுப்ப (Pin 1). Serial communication-க்கு பயன்படும்.

USB Port

Computer-க்கு connect செய்து Program upload செய்யவும், Power supply வழங்கவும் பயன்படும்.

Power Supply

Board இயங்க தேவையான மின்சாரம் (USB வழியாகவோ அல்லது External adapter வழியாகவோ).

Reset Switch

இதை அழுத்தினால் board-ன் program execution மீண்டும் ஆரம்ப நிலையிலிருந்து (setup) தொடங்கும்.

💻 5. IDE & Arduino Program Structure ▼

IDE (Integrated Development Environment): Code எழுத, Compile செய்ய மற்றும் Board-க்கு Upload செய்ய உதவும் software. (Eg: Arduino IDE).

Program Workflow

Source Code (Editor) ↓ Compiler (Machine Code ஆக மாற்றும்) ↓ Upload / Programmer (Board-ன் Memory-க்கு அனுப்பும்) ↓ Microcontroller (Execute செய்யும்)

Basic Arduino Structure

void setup() { // Program ஆரம்பிக்கும்போது ஒருமுறை மட்டும் execute ஆகும். // Eg: Pin-ஐ Output ஆக அமைத்தல் } void loop() { // setup() முடிந்த பிறகு தொடர்ந்து (முடிவில்லாமல்) repeat ஆகும். // Eg: Sensor reading, LED ON/OFF }

💡 6. Practical App 1: LED ON/OFF (Blinking) ▼

Logic

Set LED pin as OUTPUT → LED ON → Wait → LED OFF → Wait → Repeat

Arduino Code

int ledPin = 13; void setup() { pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Pin-ஐ output ஆக அமைக்கிறது } void loop() { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // LED ON delay(1000); // 1 second (1000ms) காத்திருக்கிறது digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // LED OFF delay(1000); // 1 second காத்திருக்கிறது }

🌗 7. Practical App 2: Automatic Light (LDR) ▼

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): ஒளியின் intensity-க்கு ஏற்ப resistance மாறும் component. இது Analog Input-க்கு அனுப்பப்படும்.

Algorithm / Pseudocode

START Read light intensity (from LDR) IF light intensity < threshold (Eg: 400) LED = ON (இருட்டு) ELSE LED = OFF (வெளிச்சம்) REPEAT

⭐ Exam Logic Question:
"Design a system that switches an LED ON when the ambient light intensity becomes low."

Answer Structure:
Input: LDR → Processing: Microcontroller → Decision: Compare with threshold → Output: LED

🌡️ 8. Practical App 3: Temperature Sensor + Fan ▼

Pseudocode

START temperature = READ SENSOR IF temperature > 30 TURN FAN ON ELSE TURN FAN OFF REPEAT

⚠️ முக்கிய குறிப்பு (Driver/Relay)

பெரிய Fan/Motor-ஐ Arduino I/O pin-க்கு நேரடியாக இணைக்கக் கூடாது. Microcontroller pin குறைந்த current-ஐ மட்டுமே வழங்கும். எனவே Driver circuit / Relay / Transistor மற்றும் தனி Power Supply தேவைப்படும்.

🚪 9. Practical App 4: Door Detection (Reed Switch) ▼

Reed Switch: Magnetic field மூலம் open/close ஆகும் switch. கதவில் Magnet-ஐயும், Door Frame-ல் Reed Switch-ஐயும் பொருத்துவோம்.

Logic

• Door Closed → Magnet அருகில் உள்ளது → LED OFF / Buzzer OFF
• Door Open → Magnet விலகுகிறது → LED ON / Buzzer ON (Alarm)

Pseudocode

START Read reed switch (Digital Input) IF door is open Turn ON Alarm / LED ELSE Turn OFF Alarm / LED REPEAT

🏆 10. Master Summary (Input → Process → Output) ▼

இந்த competency-யின் மிக முக்கியமான Concept-ஐ இந்த அட்டவணையில் மனப்பாடம் செய்யுங்கள்:

Application	Input (Sensor)	Processing	Output
LED Control	Switch / Program	Microcontroller	LED
Automatic Light	LDR (Analog)	Microcontroller	LED / Bulb
Automatic Fan	Temperature Sensor	Microcontroller	Fan (via Relay)
Door Detection	Reed Switch (Digital)	Microcontroller	LED / Buzzer

Exam Tip: கட்டாயம் Block Diagram (Input → Process → Output) வரையப் பழகவும். Sensor-ன் பெயர் (Analog/Digital) மற்றும் Output device-ஐ சரியாக குறிப்பிடவும். வாழ்த்துக்கள்! 🚀

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